The Shutrukid dynasty (c. 1200 – c. 1100 BC) was a dynasty of the Elamite empire, in modern Iran. Under the Shutrukids, Elam reached a height in power.[1]
Shutrukid dynasty | |
---|---|
Parent family | Igihalkid dynasty |
Country | Elam |
Current region | Western Iran |
Place of origin | Asia |
Founded | c. 1200 BC |
Founder | Shutruk-Nakhunte I |
Final ruler | Shutur-Nahhunte I |
Historic seat | Susa |
Connected families | Humban-Tahrid dynasty |
Traditions | Elamite religion |
Dissolution | c. 970 BC |
Deposition | c. 1115 BC |
Cadet branches | Elamite dynasty |
History
editShutruk-Nakhkhunte was the founder of this dynasty. He took as wife a Babylonian princess, the eldest daughter of Melishihu of Babylon.[2] Shutruk-Nakhkhunte and his three sons, Kutir-Nakhkhunte II, Shilhak-In-Shushinak, and Khutelutush-In-Shushinak were capable of frequent military campaigns into Kassite Babylonia (which was also being ravaged by the empire of Assyria during this period), and at the same time were exhibiting vigorous construction activity—building and restoring luxurious temples in Susa and across their Empire.[1] Shutruk-Nakhkhunte raided Babylonia, carrying home to Susa trophies like the statues of Marduk and Manishtushu, the Manishtushu Obelisk, the Stele of Hammurabi and the stele of Naram-Sin.[1] With these trophies, he attempted to give a new aura to Elam, as the conqueror of Babylonia.[1] Shutruk-Nakhunte added his own inscription on the stele of Naram-Sin:
"I am Shutruk-Nahhunte, son of Hallutush-Inshushinak, beloved servant of the god Inshushinak, king of Anshan and Susa, who has enlarged the kingdom, who takes care of the lands of Elam, the lord of the land of Elam. When the god Inshushinak gave me the order, I defeated Sippar. I took the stele of Naram-Sin and carried it off, bringing it to the land of Elam. For Inshushinak, my god, I set it as an offering."
In 1158 BC, after much of Babylonia had been annexed by Ashur-Dan I of Assyria and Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, the Elamites defeated permanently the Kassites, a dynasty which had ruled Mesopotamia for four centuries.[1][4] They killed the Kassite king of Babylon, Zababa-shuma-iddin, and replaced him with Shutruk-Nakhkhunte's eldest son, Kutir-Nakhkhunte, who held it no more than three years before being ejected by the native Akkadian speaking Babylonians. The Elamites then briefly came into conflict with Assyria, managing to take the Assyrian city of Arrapha (modern Kirkuk) before being ultimately defeated and having a treaty forced upon them by Ashur-Dan I.
Kutir-Nakhkhunte's son Khutelutush-In-Shushinak was defeated by Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon, who sacked Susa and returned the statue of Marduk, but who was then himself defeated by the Assyrian king Ashur-resh-ishi I. He fled to Anshan, but later returned to Susa, and his brother Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar may have succeeded him as last king of the Shutrukid dynasty. Following Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, the power of the Elamite empire began to wane, for after the death of this ruler, Elam disappears into obscurity for more than three centuries.
List of rulers
editThe following list should not be considered complete:
# | Depiction | Name | Succession | Title | Approx. dates | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Middle Elamite II period (c. 1400 – c. 1200 BC) | ||||||
Shutrukid dynasty (c. 1200 – c. 970 BC)[5] | ||||||
1st | Hallutush-Inshushinak | Unclear succession | King of Anshan and Susa | Uncertain, fl. c. 1217 – c. 1184 BC | ||
2nd | Shutruk-Nakhunte I | Eponymous founder of the Shutrukid dynasty Son of Hallutush-Inshushinak Son-in-law of Melishihu of Babylon[2] |
King of Anshan and Susa Sovereign of the land of Elam Lord of the land of Elam |
Uncertain, r. c. 1184 – c. 1155 BC | temp. of: | |
3rd | Kutir-Nahhunte II | Son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I | King of Anshan and Susa King of Elam King of Babylon |
Uncertain, r. c. 1155 – c. 1150 BC | temp. of: | |
4th | Shilhak-Inshushinak I | Son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I | King of Anshan and Susa King of Elam |
Uncertain, r. c. 1150 – c. 1120 BC (30 years) |
temp. of: | |
5th | Hutelutush-Inshushinak | Son of Kutir-Nahhunte II | King of Anshan and Susa King of Elam King of Elam and Susiana |
Uncertain, r. c. 1120 – c. 1100 BC | temp. of: | |
Neo-Elamite I period (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC) | ||||||
6th | Shilhina-Hamru-Lakamar | Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak I | King of Anshan and Susa King of Elam |
Uncertain, fl. c. 1115 – c. 980 BC | ||
Elamite dynasty of Babylonia (c. 980 – c. 975 BC) | ||||||
7th | Mar-biti-apla-usur | Unclear succession | King of Babylon Son of Elam |
Uncertain, r. c. 980 – c. 975 BC (6 years) |
temp. of: | |
Elamite Dark Ages (c. 975 – c. 770 BC) | ||||||
8th | Akshir-Shimut | Unclear succession | King of Anshan and Susa | Uncertain, fl. c. 1110 – c. 975 BC | ||
9th | Akshir-Nahhunte | Unclear succession | King of Anshan and Susa | Uncertain, fl. c. 1100 – c. 970 BC | ||
10th | Kara-Indash | Unclear succession | King of Elam | Uncertain, fl. c. 1070 – c. 830 BC | ||
Neo-Elamite II period (c. 770 – c. 688 BC) | ||||||
Humban-Tahrid dynasty (c. 830 – c. 688 BC) | ||||||
11th | Unknown | Unclear succession | King of Anshan and Susa | Uncertain, fl. c. 821 BC | temp. of: | |
12th | Humban-Numena II | Unclear succession | King of Elam | Uncertain, fl. c. 1100 – c. 821 BC | ||
13th | Shutruk-Nahhunte II | Son of Humban-Numena II | King of Elam | Uncertain, fl. c. 1070 – c. 770 BC | ||
14th | Shutur-Nahhunte I | Son of Humban-Numena II | King of Anshan and Susa | Uncertain, fl. c. 1050 – c. 760 BC |
Gallery
editSee also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1992. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-87099-651-1.
- ^ a b Potts, D. T. (April 2006). "Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 65 (2). University of Chicago Press: 111–119. doi:10.1086/504986.
- ^ Mieroop, Marc Van De (2015). A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC. John Wiley & Sons. p. 199. ISBN 9781118718230.
- ^ Álvarez-Mon, Javier (31 March 2020). The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC. Routledge. p. 434. ISBN 978-1-000-03485-1.
- ^ Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.
Bibliography
edit- Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Historia de Elam el vecino mesopotámico", Murcia, 1997. Estudios Orientales. IPOA-Murcia.
- Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Textos y Fuentes para el estudio del Elam", Murcia, 2000. Estudios Orientales. IPOA-Murcia.
- Quintana Cifuentes, E., La Lengua Elamita (Irán pre-persa), Madrid, 2010. Gram Ediciones. ISBN 978-84-88519-17-7
- Khačikjan, Margaret: The Elamite Language, Documenta Asiana IV, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, 1998 ISBN 88-87345-01-5
- Persians: Masters of Empire, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia (1995) ISBN 0-8094-9104-4
- Pittman, Holly (1984). Art of the Bronze Age: southeastern Iran, western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870993657.
- D. T. Potts, "Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf",Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 111–119, (April 2006)
- McAlpin, David W., Proto Elamo Dravidian: The Evidence and Its Implications, American Philosophy Society (1981) ISBN 0-87169-713-0
- Vallat, François. 2010. "The History of Elam". The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS)
- Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro; Wicks, Yasmina, eds. (2018). The Elamite World. Routledge Worlds. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-99989-3.
- Cameron, G. (1936). History of Early Iran (Thesis). United States: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780608165332.
- Ir, E (2015). "SUSA". Encyclopædia Iranica.
- Hansman, J. (1985). "Anshan". Encyclopædia Iranica. 1. Vol. II. pp. 103–107.
- Hinz, W. (1972). Written at United Kingdom. The Lost World of Elam: Re-creation of a Vanished Civilization. Translated by Barnes, J. University of California: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 9780283978630.
- Leick, G. (2001). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Who's Who series. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415132312.
- Majidzadeh, Y. (1991). تاريخ و تمدن ايلام [History and civilization of Elam] (in Persian). Iran: University of Tehran Press.
- Majidzadeh, Y. (1997). تاريخ و تمدن بين النهرين [History and civilization of Mesopotamia] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Iran: University of Tehran Press. ISBN 9789640108413.
- Potts, Daniel T. (2016) [1999]. The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian State (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK; New York, US: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521563581.
- Vallat, F. (1998). "ELAM i. The history of Elam". Encyclopædia Iranica. 3. Vol. VIII. pp. 301–313.
External links
edit- Dahl, J. (2012-07-24). "Rulers of Elam". cdliwiki: Educational pages of the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI).
- Kessler, P. (2021). "Kingdoms of Iran - Elam / Haltamtu / Susiana". The History Files. Kessler Associates.