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List of battles in Rajasthan

(Redirected from Siege of Ontala (1599))

Several significant battles are recorded to have taken place in what is now known as Rajasthan.

Battle of Haldighati, fought between Mughals and Maharana Pratap.

8-9th Century

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  • Umayyad Invasion Rajasthan

The Guhila Rajputs were feudatories of the Moriya (Mori) Rajputs of Chitor and they came into prominence in the time of Khummaņa I popularly known as Bappā Rāwal who was the 9th ruler in the family of Guhadatta. He started his political career as a vassal of the Mori monarch Manurāja and probably led the Mori forces against the Arabs. In this expedition, Bappā Rāwal achieved complete victory.[7]

11th century

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12th Century

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13th Century

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  • Siege of Jalore (1211) – Iltutmish Be Jalore he was repulsed by Udayasimha of Jalore in 1211 CE.[16]
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1226) - Iltutmish captured the Ranthambore fort in 1226 CE.[17]
  • Siege of Mandore (1227) – Iltutmish captured Mandore but it was soon Reacaptured by Rajputs in 1227 CE.[16]
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1236) – Vagbhata Chauhan recaptured Ranthambore during the reign of the Delhi ruler Razia.[17]
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1248) – Vagabhata Chauhan successfully defended the fort against Nasiruddin Mahmud.[17]
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1253) – Vagbhata Chauhan repelled another invasion from the Mamluks.[17]
  • Invasion of Mewar (1253–54) - Rawal Tejasimha fought series of battle against Balban.[18]
  • Invasion of Mewar (1255) - Rawal Tejasimha who gave refuge to Qutlug Khan who revolted against Sultan of Delhi repelled another invasion from Balban .[18]
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1259) – Nasiruddin Mahmud captured Ranthambore from Jetra Singh Chauhan.
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1283) – Shakti Dev Chauhan recaptured Ranthambore from the Mamluks.
  • Battle of Ranthambore (1290) – Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji attacked Hammir Dev because of his rising power. Jalaludin's forces were defeated by Hammir.
  • Siege of Jalore (1291) –Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji attacked Jalore but he was forced to retreat by Vaghela ruler of Gujarat Sarangadeva in 1291 CE.[16]
  • Siege of Jaisalmer (1294–1295) – Alauddin Khalji commanded the Khilji army under Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji and plundered Jaisalmer after a siege that lasted for a year. For some years afterwards Jaisalmer remained abandoned before the surviving Rajputs reoccupied it.[19]
  • Battle of Banas (1300) – Alauddin Khalji sent his younger brother Ulugh Khan to Invaded Ranthambore but he was defeated by Hammiradeva generals Bhimasimha and Dharmasimha in 1300 CE.[16]

14th Century

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15th Century

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  • Battle of Badnore (1415) – Rana Lakha defeated sultan of Delhi at Badnore and further took the war to Gaya in Bihar and got exemption from the pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus for their visit there.[30][31]
  • Battle of Mandore (1421) – Rao Chunda Re-captured Nagaur from Firozkhan.[32]
  • Battle of Sirohi (1434) – Rao Ranmal defeated Rao Sahasmal Deora and captured Basantgarh, Bhula and areas of Abu.[33]
  • Siege of Mandalgarh (1435-6) – Rao Ranmal Rathore captured Mandalgarh fort from Rao Bairisal Hada.[34]
  • Battle of Jahazpur (1436) –Rana Kumbha defeated Hadas of Bundi At Jahazpur[35]
  • Conquest of Eastern Sirohi State (1437) - Rana Kumbha Marched Against Sirohi State Captured Parganas of Ajahari, Pindwara from Sirohi Ruler Sahasmal[36]
  • Battle of Sarangpur (1437) – Rana Kumbha supported by Rao Ranmal Rathore defeated and imprisoned Mahmud Khalji.To commemorate this victory, Rana Kumbha built the Vijay Stambha (Tower of Victory) in the fortress of Chittor.
  • Capture of Ajmer (1437) – Rana Kumbha Captured Ajmer From Nagaur Sultan Firoz Khan[37]
  • Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas (1442-1446) – A series of battles that took place between Mahmud Khalji of Malwa and Rana Kumbha of Mewar. Bloodied by these engagements the Sultan did not attack Mewar for another ten years.[38][39]
  • Siege of Gagron (1444) – Sultan Mahmud besieged Gagron fort which belonged to Palhan Singh Khichi. Rana Kumbha had sent reinforcements under his commander Dahir, but Dahir died in battle and Palhan was killed by bhils while fleeing from the fort.[40]
  • Siege of Mandore (1454) – Rao Jodha Rathore recaptured Mandore from Rana Kumbha.[41]
  • Battle of Abu (1455) – Qutbuddin sent Imadul Mulk to invade Mewar through Abu, but Imadul suffered heavy losses against the Mewari soldiers posted on the hills and was immediately called back.[42]
  • Battle of Nagaur (1456) – Rana Kumbha defeated the combined armies of Shams Khan (sultan of Nagaur) and Qutbuddin (Sultan of Gujarat) and captured Nagaur, Kasili, Khandela and shakambhari.[43]
  • Battle of Mandalgarh (1456) – Sultan Mahmud attacked Mandalgarh, he sent seven detachments to attack the Rana Kumbha from multiple directions. The Malwa forces under Taj Khan and Ali Khan suffered heavy losses in battle against Rana Kumbha after which Mahmud retreated the next morning.[44]
  • Siege of Mandalgarh (1456–57) – In December Rana Kumbha was forced to move north to confront the sultan of Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud once again attacked Mandalgarh and captured it after a siege. Fort was later recaptured by the Rajputs .[45]
  • Siege of Kumbhalgarh (1458-9) – Sultan Mahmud besieged Kumbhalgarh fort but finding the fort too strong he retreated back to Mandu.[46]
  • Siege of Nagaur (1466) – Rao Jodha defeated Fatankhan of Nagaur. Fatankhan was forced to flee to Jhunjhunu.[47]
  • Battle of Mandalgarh (1467) – Sultan Mahmud invaded Mewar and fought a battle with Rana Kumbha, but retreated after defeated & taking heavy losses.[46]
  • Battle of Mandalgarh (1473) - After failed invasion of Chittor Sultan of Malwa then marched up to capture Mandalgarh but again was defeated by Rana Raimal. After defeating the Sultan of Malwa,The Rajput army chased them up to Khairabad and later it was sacked and Plundered from which Rajputs extracted heavy fines from the Sultan of Malwa.[48]
  • Battle of Chappar-Dronpur (1474) – Rao Jodha defeated Bahlol Khan and Hussian Shah of Jaunpur Sultanat.[49]
  • Siege of Chittorgarh (1475) – After the death of Udai Singh I The sultan of Mandu helped Surajmal and Shahasmal. He started with a large army to assist Surajmal and Shashasmal to the throne of Mewar and arrived near Chittor. Rana Raimal issued from the fortress and attacked Ghiyath Shah who being utterly defeated, fled to Mandu.[50]
  • Conquest of Jangladesh (1485) - Rao Bika invaded Jangladesh which was in the control of Jat settlements. Bika led an army of 300 Rajput warriors and subjugated all of the Jat clans of northern Rajasthan.[51][52][53]
  • Battle of Sambhar (1486) - Rao Jodha Rathore Defeated invading army of Raja chandrasen of Amber[54]
  • Battle of Shiv (1486) - Rao Jodha Rathore Defeated Rawal Devidas of Jaisalmer and re-occupied Shiv[54]
  • Battle of Bikaner (1488) -Bahlol Lodi sent an expedition against Rao Bika under Sarang Khan the governor of Hissar but the Muslim army was Defeated and Sarang Khan was killed[55]
  • Battle of Peepar (1492) – Rao Satal Rathore defeated Gudhla Khan, an Afghan general and rescued 140 Maidens that had been captured. Rao Satal himself died that night of the wounds received in the battle.[56]
  • Capture of Ajmer (1495) – Prithviraj Sisodia defeated afgans at Taragarh fort and slayed afgan Governor Mallu Khan [57]

16th Century

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16th Century

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  • Battle of Bayana (1527) – Mughal advance guard was defeated by Rana Sanga.[63]
  • Battle of Khanwa (1527) – Rana Sanga led Rajput armies defeated by Babur and Mughal imperial power was established in North India
  • Siege of Bikaner (1534) – Rao Jaitsi Rathore defeated Mughal force under Kamran brother of emperor Humayun.[64]
  • Battle of Harmada (1557) – Rao Maldeo Rathore defeated Udai Singh II and captured Merta.[65][66]
  • Battle of Ajmer (1559) – Akbar's general Qasim Khan annexed Ajmer from Maldeo Rathore.[67]
  • Battle of Merta (1562) – Akbar with the help of ruler of Bikaner and Amer defeated Rao Chandra Sen Rathore and captured Merta.
  • Battle of Lohawat (1562) – Rao Chandra Sen defeated Udai Singh.
  • Battle of Nadol (1563) – Rao Chandra Sen defeated Ramchandra Rathore. Ramchandra fled to Nagaur.
  • First Mughal Invasion of Marwar (1562-1583) – Akbar invaded Marwar and occupied Jodhpur. The ruler Rao Chandra Sen continued his struggle until his death in 1581 after which Marwar submitted to Mughal rule in 1583.[68]
  • Battle of Mandalgarh (1567) – Akbar advanced by Dholpur route taking the forts of Sivapura and Kota, he dispatched a Mughal army under Asaf khan to take surrounding forts. Mandalgarh was the first to be attacked but Asaf khan was repulsed by the faithful commander Ballu Sinhji, a Solanki Rajput. Later Asaf khan and Wazir khan conquered Mandalgarh by defeating the Solanki contingent of the fort.[69]
  • Siege of Chittorgarh (1567) – Akbar defeated Rao Jaimal and Patta Sisodia (Udai Singh II escaped with his family to Aravali hills)
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1568) – A successful siege by Akbar causes the Rajput leader Rao Surjan Hada to surrender Ranthambore Fort.
  • Siege of Siwana (1572) – Mughal force under General Udai Singh Rathore defeated Kalyanmal Singh Rathore and Kalyandas Rathore and annexed powerful fort of Siwana which served as Rao Chandra Sen's capital was captured by the Mughals after a siege of 8 months.[70]
  • Battle of Haldighati (1576) – Battle between Man Singh I and Pratap Singh I.[71][72]
  • Battle of Mohi (1577) - When the imperial commanders were establishing order in the rebel areas Akbar in order to personally supervise the reduction of the Rana’s power personally left Ajmer for Gogunda on October 11, 1576 A. D. Then the emperor moved further in the north-easterly direction and put Majahad Beg, Ghazi Khan Badakhshi, Sarif Khan Atka etc., with 3,000 horsemen at Mohi(near Nathdwara). Here he remained for some time. But when the protecting armies of Man Singh and his colleagues had withdrawn from the neighbourhood, Pratap’s soldiers fell upon him and Majahad Beg was killed in the skirmish that followed. Mohi was taken by the Rajputs in September, 1577, and the Emperor made no attempt to re-occupy the place for some time.[73][74][75][76]
  • Battle of Dewair (1582) – Maharana Pr]atap fought against Mughal governor of Dewair Sultan Khan and defeated him and 36 Mughal posts were dissolved.[77]
  • Battle of Dattani (1583) – Rao Surtan Deora Chauhan of Sirohi defeated Mughal force.
  • Siege of Kumbhalgarh (1583) - Maharana Pratap recaptured Kumbhalgarh fort from Mughals.[78]
  • Siege of Ontala (1599) - Rana Amar Singh defeated and killed Mughal general Kayum Khan to capture Ontala fort.[79]
  • Prince Salim's Invasion of Mewar-Prince Salim, later known as Emperor Jahangir, along with Raja Man Singh, led an invasion of the kingdom of Mewar and successfully defeated Amar Singh. Following the defeat, Amar Singh fled into the hills and a significant portion of Mewar was annexed to the Mughal Empire. This included territories such as Mohi, Ontala, Bagore, and Mandal, which became part of the Mughal dominion.

17th Century

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  • Battle of Dewair (1606) – Fought in a valley 40 km from Kumbalgarh. Rana Amar Singh defeated, the Mughal prince Muhammad Parviz fled from the battlefield with his commander Asaf Khan III.[80][81]
  • Battle of Ranakpur (1611) - Rana Amar Singh defeated mughal forces under Abdullah Khan rendering his Mewar expedition as total failure.[82]
  • Rajput War (1679–1707) also known as Rathore Rebellion – Aurangzeb took Marwar under his direct control after the death of Maharaja Jaswant Singh. The Rathore army under Veer Durgadas Rathore carried out a relentless struggle against the occupying forces. In 1707 after the death of Aurangzeb, Veer Durgadas defeated the local Mughal force and reoccupied Jodhpur and their lost territories.[83]
  • Battle of Udaipur (1680) – Aurangzeb attacked Mewar and plundered Udaipur, the citizens were safely escorted to Panarwa a hilly region by Rana Raj Singh but 63 temples in and around Udaipur were plundered and many villages were burned down by Aurangzeb's general Taj Khan. The Mughal army was eventually starved because of the scorched earth techniques and guerrilla warfare used by the Rana. Aurangzeb after a failed campaign left Mewar to his son Akbar and retreated to Ajmer.[84]
  • Battle of Aravalli hills (1680) – In the second half of 1680, after several months of such setbacks, Aurangzeb decided on an all-out offensive. Niccolao Manucci, an Italian gunner in the Mughal army, says: "for this campaign, Aurangzeb put in pledge the whole of his kingdom." Three separate armies, under Aurangzeb's sons Akbar, Azam and Muazzam, penetrated the Aravalli hills from different directions. However, their artillery lost its effectiveness while being dragged around the rugged hills and the Prince Akbar rebelled against Aurangzeb . Aurangzeb later complied to the demands of Rana Raj Singh and Mewar was left alone.[85]
  • Battle of Khanana (1681-1687) – Rathore rebels under Veer Durgadas Rathore defeated Mughal force. This battle resulted in major victory for Rathores. Kumpawats captured Siwana town from Mughals. Mughal commander Purdil Khan was killed in this battle.[86]
  • Battle of Ajmer (1690) – Durgadas Rathore defeated Safi Khan.

18th Century

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  • Battle of Jodhpur (1707) – Durgadas Rathore took advantage of the disturbances following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 to seize Jodhpur and eventually evict the occupying Mughal force out of Marwar.[87]
  • Annexation of Amer (1708) – Bahadur Shah I marched with a large army and annexed Amer without a war. Raja Sawai Jai Singh was forced to retreat with his army. Amber was named 'Mominabad' by the Mughal emperor.[88]
  • Battle of Merta (1708) – Bahadur Shah I's general Mihrab Khan defeated Ajit Singh of Marwar. The Mughal emperor was advised to stay in Ajmer as the Mughals were wary of the guerrilla tactics of Veer Durgadas. Ajit Singh however went against the advice of Durgadas Rathore and directly confronted the large Mughal army. The Mughals bombarded the Rathor horsemen with cannons and rockets and forced them to retreat after heavy losses. Jodhpur was once again occupied by the Mughals.[89]
  • Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710 – The three Rajput Raja's of Amber, Udaipur and Jodhpur made a joint resistance to the Mughals. The Rajputs first expelled the commandants of Jodhpur and Bayana and recovered Amer by a night attack. They next killed Sayyid Hussain Khan Barha in the "Battle of Sambhar (1709)". Ajit Singh also attacked Ajmer and forced its governor to pay tribute. Sayyid Hidayatullah, the governor of Ranthambor was also defeated, bringing a danger to the Mughal capital itself. Bahadur Shah I, then in the Deccan was forced to patch up a truce with the Rajput Rajas (1710).[90]
  • Siege of Jodhpur and Jaipur (1708) – Jai Singh and Ajit Singh storm Amber and Jodhpur and retake their capitals from the Mughal garrisons.[91]
  • Battle of Sambhar (1708) - Sayyid Hussain Barha of Mewat defeated near Sambhar by the Rathore-Kachwaha army. Barha shot dead with his two brothers.[91]
  • Battle of Javli (1710) – Mir Khan of Narnaul with 7000 Mughal troops and Churaman Jat with 6000 Jats effectively checked by Gaj Singh Naruka at Javli.[91]
  • Battle of Tonk (24 March 1710) – Muhammad Khan of Tonk defeated by the Rathore-Kachwaha army.[91]
  • Battle of Kama (1708) (October 4–7, 1708) – Ajit Singh Kachwaha, the zamindar of Kama defeated combined armies of Mughals and Jats. The Mughal-Jat army numbered 18,000 while the Kachwahas had 10,000 horsemen. After a bitter fight the Mughal faujdar Raza Bahadur was killed and the injured Jat leader Churaman was forced to retreat to Thun.[92]
  • Battle of Bandanwara (1711) – Maharana Sangram Singh - II defeated Mughal force under Mir Bakshi and Zulfikar Khan.[93]
  • Jai Singh II's campaign against the Jats (1718-1722) – Farrukhsiyar sent Raja Jai Singh of Jaipur for subjugation in 1716. the campaign ended when Abdullah khan who was rival of the Jaipur raja, made a separate peace with the Jats on behalf of the emperor where Churaman agreed to surrender with his sons and nephew. Two years later Jai Singh was sent on a second campaign against jats however by then Churaman had committed suicide and his son Mokham Singh succeeded him. Mokham's first step as a ruler was to imprison his cousin Badan Singh. Badan asked for help from Sawai Jai Singh II. Jai Singh readily set upon Thun and captured it after a six-month siege. Mokham was forced to flee and Badan Singh was made the Raja of Deeg on the condition that he remains subservient to Jaipur.[94][95]
  • Battle of Gangwana (1741) – 1,000 Rathore cavaliers of Bhakt Singh fought a combined army of a 100,000 men consisting of Mughals, Kachwahas, Jadauns, and Jats. In this battle Bhakt Singh was defeated but his cavalry charge killed and injured thousands of his foes. Sir Jadunath Sarkar quotes that - "the battle front was like tigers upon a flock of sheep". According to Harcharandas more than 12,000 men were slain in the battlefield.[96][97][98]
  • Battle of Rajmahal (1747) – Ishwari Singh of Jaipur defeated a coalition of armies led by Jagat Singh of Mewar.[99]
  • Battle of Bagru (1748) – Madho Singh I defeated Ishwari Singh.[100]
  • Battle of Raona (1750) – The Mughal Empire invaded Marwar but were repelled by the armies of Ram Singh and Ishwari Singh.[101]
  • Battle of Luniawas (1750) – Bhakt Singh challenged his nephew Ram Singh for the throne of Marwar. Ram Singh hired a large contingent of Afghan and Baloch Musketeers from Sindh to defeat his uncle, he further formed a powerful army in Jodhpur and appointed Sher Singh Rathore, a veteran general of Marwar to defeat the usurper. At first Ram Singhs general Sher Singh Rathore pushed Bhakt Singh 4 miles back and almost forced him to retreat, 2000 Rathores of Bhakt Singh fell in the battle with 9 Rathor nobles and Bhakt Singh was severely injured by spear and bullet wounds, but Bhakt Singh made a fierce counterattack which killed Sher Singh and most of Ram Singhs commanders making the battle a costly victory for Bhakt Singh.[102][103]
  • Battle of Ajmer (1752) – In May 1752 Jayappaji Rao Scindia and Ram Singh I attacked Ajmer, sacked it and massacred the populace. Upon learning of the invasion, Bhakt Singh marched with his army and camped 8 miles away from Ajmer. He waited till July and then attacked Jayappa. Bhakt Singh blocked the surrounding paths and placed his guns on a hill, he then bombarded the Marathas, upon receiving heavy casualties, the Marathas fled along with the army of Ram Singh.[104]
  • Battle of Kumher (1754) – Suraj Mal Jat ruler of Bharatpur made peace with combine army of Maratha and Mughals
  • Siege of forts of Barwara and Tonk (1757) – Raghunath Rao and Malhar Rao Holkar laid siege on the forts of Barwara and Tonk. Against Madho Singh I. It resulted in Stalemate
  • Battle of Kakkor- Malhar rao Holkar crushed the forces of Jaipur who were 4000 in number and killed their 21 captains
  • Battle of Mangrol (1761) – Madho Singh of Jaipur fought Malhar Rao Holkar. The Jaipur army had 10,000 men while the Holkar army had 6,000 men from Indore and 3,000 men supplied by the Rao of Kota. After a 2-day battle the Jaipur army was completely destroyed. However Malhar Rao was not able to plunder Dhundhar for long as he was recalled to Bundelkhand because of rebellions and threats of invasion by Shuja-Ud-Daula of Awadh.[105]
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1765) – Pratap Singh of Macheri defeated Marathas after a long siege[106]
  • Battle of Maonda and Mandholi (1767) – Jaipur forces defeat the forces of Bharatpur.[107]
  • Battle of Kama (1768) – Madho Singh I invaded Bharatpur at the head of 16,000 men where he defeated jat leader Jawahar Singh again on 29 February 1768.[108][107]
  • Battle of Mandan (1775) – The Shekhawats defeated a Mughal force under Mitrasen Ahir, Peero Khan and Kale Khan. After heavy losses Peero Khan died and Mitra Sen fled.[109]
  • Conquest of Alwar (1775) - Pratap Singh Naruka took the possession of the Alwar fort by bribing the Jat garrison, whose pay had long been in arrears.[110]
  • Battle of Khatu Shyamji (1779) – Chood Singh Nathawat of Doongri and Dalel Singh Khangarot of Sewa defeated the imperial army under Murtaza Khan Bhadech, Najaf Khan and Abdullah Khan.[109]
  • Battle of Tunga or Battle of Lalsot (1787) – Combined forces of Jaipur and Jodhpur defeated Maratha forces led by Mahadji Shinde.[111][112]
  • Battle of Patan (1790) – The Battle of Patan was fought on 20 June 1790 between the Scindias of Gwalior and the Kachwahas of Jaipur, and resulted decisive victory of Maratha forces.
  • Battle of Merta (1790) – Maratha army of Mahadaji Shinde under De Boigne defeated the army of Vijay Singh.
  • Battle of Fatehpur (1799) – The Battle was fought in March 1799 between the Maratha Kingdom of Gwalior supported by General George Thomas and the Kingdom of Jaipur under Pratap Singh of Jaipur which resulted in a decisive Jaipur victory.[113]
  • Battle of Malpura (1800) – Combined Force of Rathores and Kachhawahas defeated by Marathas under Daulat Rao Sindhia[114][115]

19th Century

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  • Siege of Deeg (1804) – Jats under Ranjit Singh and Marathas under Yashwantrao Holkar defeated by East India Company.
  • Siege of Bharatpur (1805) – Jats and Marathas defeated East India Company
  • Siege of Mehrangarh (1806) – Man Singh of Marwar defeated the armies of Jaipur, Mewar and Bikaner. So comprehensively that Jagat Singh of Jaipur had to pay a sum of Rs. 2,00,000 to secure his safe passage. In honour of Man Singhs victory over Jaipur the Jai Pol, or victory gate was built in the fort in 1808.
  • Siege of Bharatpur (1825–26) – East India Company defeated Bharatpur State
  • Battle of Bithoda (8 September 1857) – Kushal Singh Champawat, a noble of Jodhpur joined the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British Empire, around 5,000 Rajputs of Pali joined him. The British asked Takht Singh to deal with him, however most of the Rathore nobles refused to fight with a fellow clansmen for foreigners. Kushal Singh thus defeated a force of local levies raised by Takht Singh of Jodhpur.[116]
  • Battle of Chelawas (1857-1858) – Kushal Singh killed Captain Mason and Hung his head on his fort gate for insulting him, he then defeated a British army of 2,000 men under Brigadier Lawrence.
  • Siege of Auwa (1857-1858) – An army of 30,000 men under Colonel Holmes forced Kushal Singh to retreat to his fort in Auwa. Holmes besieged the Auwa Fort and breached it after 6 months of siege. Kushal Singh was able to escape to Udaipur. Auwa was then confiscated by the British until the death of Kushal Singh in 1864.[117]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ R. C. Majumdar 1977, p. 298-299
  2. ^ Ancient India by R. C. Majumdar p. 297
  3. ^ Early Hindu-Islamic conflict by J.F. Richard p. 95
  4. ^ Arab In Sind by Mohamed Nasr p. 162
  5. ^ Indian Historical Quarterly Vol.14 by Narendra Nath p. 813-817
  6. ^ Mewar Saga by Doctor Mankekar p 23
  7. ^ Mishra, Shyam Manohar (1977). Yaśovarman of Kanauj: A Study of Political History, Social, and Cultural Life of Northern India During the Reign of Yaśovarman. Abhinav Publications.
  8. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa and company. p. 391. ISBN 9788129115010. Dulha Rai left Gwalior around AD 1071 and entered the territory of Dhundhar, subdued the Badgujars and Minas and settled at Dausa
  9. ^ Singh 1964, p. 138-140.
  10. ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 60-62.
  11. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa and company. p. 258. ISBN 9788129115010. Bisaldev successfully repulsed a large Ghaznavid army led by Sultan Khusrau Shah (1152-1160), which had advanced as far as Vavvera....He wrested Delhi from the Tomars in either AD 1151 or 1153, but allowed them to continue to hold the area as Chauhan Feudatories. He also took Hansi (Asika) from the Ghaznavids
  12. ^ Majumdar 1956, pp. 131–132.
  13. ^ Sharma 1959, p. 138.
  14. ^ Singh 1964, p. 259.
  15. ^ K. A. Nizami (1992). "FOUNDATION OF THE DELHI SULTANAT". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 171. OCLC 31870180. "In 592/1195-96 Muizzuddin again carme to India. He attacked Bayana, which was under Kumarapala, a Jadon Bhatti Rajput. The ruler avoided a confrontation at Bayana, his capital, but went to Thankar and entrenched himself there. He vas, howvever, compelled to surrender. Thankar and Vijayamandirgarh were occupied and put under Bahauddin Tughril. Mu'izzuddin - next marched towards Gwalior. Sallakhanapala of the Parihara dynasty, however, acknowledged the suzerainty of Muizzuddin
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Srivastav Ashoka .k (1981). Khalji Sultans In Rajasthan.
  17. ^ a b c d Sen 1999, p. 336.
  18. ^ a b Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 86–87.
  19. ^ Beny & Matheson, p. 149.
  20. ^ Maheshwari, Hiralal (1980). History of Rajasthani Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 17.
  21. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  22. ^ R. C. Majumdar, ed. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.
  23. ^ "Rajput Victories in Indian History".
  24. ^ Gazetteer of India, Rajasthan: Barmer by D.C. Joseph
  25. ^ a b Glory of Marwar and glorious Rathores Page no. 27
  26. ^ a b Marwar ka itihas Page no. 54
  27. ^ Gazetteers Of India Rajasthan (barmer) Page no. 33
  28. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa and co. pp. 379–380. ISBN 9788129115010.
  29. ^ Gazetteers Of India Rajasthan (barmer) Page no. 34
  30. ^ Sarda, Har Bilas (2016). Maharana Kumbha: Sovereign, Soldier, Scholar. Creative Media Partners, LLC. ISBN 978-1371562045. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  31. ^ Ahluwalia, M.S. (1978). Muslim Expansion in Rajasthan. Delhi: Yugantar Prakashan. p. 168. Lakshman Simha is said to have defeated the Sultan of Delhi near Badnor and got exemption from the pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus for their visits to holy places like Kashi, Gaya and Paryag
  32. ^ Glory of Marwar and glorious Rathores Page no. 28
  33. ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 36.
  34. ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 5.
  35. ^ Somani, Ram Vallabh (1976). History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. C.L. Ranka, Jaipur.
  36. ^ Somani, Ram Vallabh (1976). History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. C.L. Ranka, Jaipur.
  37. ^ Somani, Ram Vallabh (1976). History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. C.L. Ranka, Jaipur.
  38. ^ A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books.
  39. ^ Har Bilas Sarda "Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar" pg 47
  40. ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 4.
  41. ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 30.
  42. ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 18.
  43. ^ A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 116–117
  44. ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 9.
  45. ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 11.
  46. ^ a b Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 12.
  47. ^ Glories of Marwar and the glorious Rathore, pg 32.
  48. ^ Sarda, Har Bilas (1918). Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race. Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries. p. 7.
  49. ^ Glories of marwar and the glorious Rathore, pg 32.
  50. ^ Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race, pg -6, by Sarda Har Bilas, Diwan Bahadur, 1867-1955
  51. ^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781107080317. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  52. ^ Jibraeil: "Position of Jats in Churu Region", The Jats - Vol. II, Ed Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2006, p. 223
  53. ^ G.S.L. Devra, op. cit., 7-8, Cf. Dayaldas ri Khyat, part 2, p. 4-5
  54. ^ a b Glory of Marwar and the glorious Rathores page no.32
  55. ^ Living Up to Heritage History of the Rajput Regiment, 1947-1970 · Volume 2
  56. ^ Indian States a biographical, sustainable and administrative survey by jw solomon
  57. ^ Maharana Sanga The Hindupat[broken anchor], p28
  58. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan, Section:The State of Mewar, AD 1500- AD 1600. Rupa & Company. p. 451. ISBN 9788129108906. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  59. ^ Maharana Sanga by Har Bilas Sarda[page needed]
  60. ^ J. Chaube (1975). History of Gujarat Kingdom, 1458-1537. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 147. ISBN 9780883865736.
  61. ^ The Hindupat, the Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race. 1918. Reprint. London pg 84-86
  62. ^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). History of Medieval India, Part II, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, p.43
  63. ^ Satish Chandra 2006 p=33
  64. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa and company. p. 541. ISBN 9788129108906
  65. ^ Akbarnama II pg 72
  66. ^ Jodhpur Khyat pg 76
  67. ^ Akbarnama II pg 46
  68. ^ Studies in Mughal History pg 91 by Ashwini Agrawal
  69. ^ The rajputs:A fighting race by jessarji sisodia
  70. ^ Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II pg-120, by Satish Chandra
  71. ^ de la Garza 2016, p. 56.
  72. ^ Raghavan 2018, p. 67.
  73. ^ Mewar and the Mughal Emperor by Gopinath Sharma p. 109
  74. ^ Maharana Pratap by Shri Ram Sharma p. 96
  75. ^ Abul Fazl: Akbarnama, (Persian Text), Vol. III. p. 166
  76. ^ Nizamuddin: Tabaqat-i-Akbari, (Persian Text), p. 336
  77. ^ Sharma, Gopinath (1954). Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.). S.L. Agarwala. p. 73.
  78. ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 239.
  79. ^ Sharma, Gopinath (1954). Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.). S.L. Agarwala. p. 125.
  80. ^ Rajsamand (2001), District Gazetteers, Rajasthan, p. 35, The battle of Dewar was fought in a valley of Arvali about 40 km north -east of Kumbhalgarh. ... Prince Amar Singh fought valiantly and pierced through Sultan Khan and the horse he was riding.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  81. ^ A military history of medieval India, 2003, p. 530, Prince Pravez and Asaf Khan led an army of 20,000 horse which fought a battle against Rana Amar Singh at Dewar
  82. ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 250.
  83. ^ The Cambridge History of India pg 248-304
  84. ^ Maharana Raj Singh and His Times By Ram Sharma
  85. ^ Storia do Mogor By Niccolao Manucci
  86. ^ Rajput Rebellion against Aurangzeb page no.76
  87. ^ Cambridge history of India pg. 304
  88. ^ Irvine 1904, p. 47.
  89. ^ Irvine 1904, p. 48.
  90. ^ The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3 pg 322
  91. ^ a b c d Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938. Orient Blackswan. p. 162. ISBN 9788125003335.
  92. ^ AKhbarat, Kartik Sudi 5, Samvat, 1765 (7 October 1708) quoted by U.N. Sharma, Itihas, I, 215, 212-215
  93. ^ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, p. 324
  94. ^ Bhatnagar, V. S. (1974). Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743. Impex India. pp. 127–128, 163. In January 1718, Jai Singh wrote to the Emperor that Churaman, despite his being reduced to hard suaits. was not inclined to yield, as he was receiving support from the Court. Indeed, Churaman had offered a present of twenty lakhs of Rupees to Saiyid Abdullah Khan and a peshkash of thirty lakhs of Rupees to the Government, in case the campaign was called off. Abdullah Khan saw in the offer an opportunity to bring discredit to Jai Singh, and to win over the Jats to his side. He, therefore, represented to tire Emperor that when Churaman was willing to submit and to attend the Court with his sons and nephews, there was no point in continuing the siege which had already dragged on for about twenty months and had cost the exchequer a good deal of money. t-o To the conditions on which Churaman's submission was to be accepted, the Emperor now added two more the dismantling of the fortifications of Thun, Deeg and other forts, which were not to be rebuilt in future, and service by Churaman and his sons and nephews, in subah Agra.To Farrukhsiyar it must have appeared right to call off the campaign on these terms which fulfilled the main objective with which it was undertaken
  95. ^ Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely states in colonial India-I. Anmol Publications. 1996. p. 128.
  96. ^ A History of Jaipur pg-200 by Jadunath Sarkar
  97. ^ Fall of the Mughal Empire pg-139-140 by Jadunath Sarkar
  98. ^ Harcharandas in Chahar Gulzar 377b-379b
  99. ^ Rajasthan Through the Ages pg 182
  100. ^ Rajasthan through the Ages vol 4 pg.188
  101. ^ Rajasthan through the Ages vol 4 pg.189
  102. ^ Rajasthan through the Ages vol 4 pg.196
  103. ^ Fall Of The Mughal Empire- Vol. I (4Th Edn.), Volume 1, By Jadunath Sarkar pg.159
  104. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (2007). Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol 2. Orient BlackSwan; First edition. p. 102.
  105. ^ Rajasthan Through the Ages By R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi pg.202-204
  106. ^ An Historical Sketch of Naruka State of Ulwar in Rajputana by Alex S. Faulkner
  107. ^ a b History of Jaipur by Jadunath Sarkar pg. 256
  108. ^ The Rajputana gazetteers - 1880
  109. ^ a b Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa and company. p. 694. ISBN 9788129115010. in a pitched battle at Mandan, both sides suffered heavily. Peero Khan died and Mitra Sen fled the field, leaving the Shekhawat chiefs victorious.
  110. ^ Pande, Ram (1970). Bharatpur Upto 1826 A Social and Political History of the Jats. Rama Publishing House. p. 118.
  111. ^ Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 16, page 134 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library.
  112. ^ Tikkiwal, Harish Chandra (1974). Jaipur and the Later Mughals (1707-1803 A.D.): A Study in Political Relations
  113. ^ History of Jaipur by Jadunath Sarkar pg. 355
  114. ^ Gupta, R.K.; Bakshi, S.R. (2008). Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.). Sarup & Sons. p. 261. ISBN 978-81-7625-841-8.
  115. ^ Sinh, Raghubir. A History Of Jaipur. pp. 310–313
  116. ^ The Central India Campaign Archived 4 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine. "Khushal Singh, the Thakur of Awah, who was in rebellion against the British. On 8 September the Legion defeated a force of Jodhpur's loyal Raja's local levies."
  117. ^ Political Awakening and Indian Freedom Movement with Special Reference to Rajasthan pg 28-35

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