A silicone oil is any liquid polymerized siloxane with organic side chains. The most important member is polydimethylsiloxane. These polymers are of commercial interest because of their relatively high thermal stability and their lubricating properties.[1]
Structure
editLike all siloxanes (e.g., hexamethyldisiloxane), the polymer backbone consists of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (...Si−O−Si−O−Si...).[citation needed] Many groups can be attached to the tetravalent silicon centres, but the dominant substituent is methyl or sometimes phenyl. Many silicone liquids are linear polymers end-capped with trimethylsilyl groups. Other silicone liquids are cyclosiloxanes.[citation needed]
Applications
editSilicone oils are primarily used as lubricants, thermic fluid oils or hydraulic fluids. They are excellent electrical insulators[2] and, unlike their carbon analogues, are non-flammable. Their temperature stability and good heat-transfer characteristics make them widely used in laboratories for heating baths ("oil baths") placed on top of hotplate stirrers, as well as in freeze-dryers as refrigerants.[citation needed] Silicone oil is also commonly used as the working fluid in dashpots, wet-type transformers, diffusion pumps and in oil-filled heaters. Aerospace use includes the external coolant loop and radiators of the International Space Station Zvezda module, which rejects heat in the vacuum of space.[3]
The class of silicone oils known as cyclosiloxanes has many of the same properties as other non-cyclic siloxane liquids but also has a relatively high volatility, making it useful in a number of cosmetic products such as antiperspirant.
Some silicone oils, such as simethicone, are potent anti-foaming agents due to their low surface tension. They are used in industrial applications such as distillation or fermentation, where excessive amounts of foam can be problematic. They are sometimes added to cooking oils to prevent excessive foaming during deep frying. Silicone oils used as lubricants can be inadvertent defoamers (contaminants) in processes where foam is desired, such as in the manufacture of polyurethane foam.
Silicone oil is also one of the two main ingredients in Silly Putty, along with boric acid.
Silicone oil serves as an effective gun lubricant, suitable for use with the rubber, plastic, and metal components commonly found in firearms. Its high surface adhesion allows it to create a long-lasting protective film, which is beneficial for preserving guns during prolonged storage.
Medical uses
editConsumer products to control flatulence often contain silicone oil.[citation needed] Silicone oils have been used as a vitreous fluid substitute to treat difficult cases of retinal detachment, such as those complicated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy, large retinal tears, and penetrating ocular trauma.[4] Additionally, silicone oil is used in general medicine and surgery. Because of silicone oil's water repellent and lubricating properties, it is considered an appropriate material to maintain surgical instruments. They are also used in digital rectal examinations (DRE).
Automotive use
editSilicone oil has been commonly used as the fluid in the automobile cooling fan clutch assemblies, and is still being used in the newer electronic fan clutches.[5]
References
edit- ^ Moretto, Hans-Heinrich; Schulze, Manfred; Wagner, Gebhard (2005). "Silicones". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_057. ISBN 3527306730.
- ^ Miyahara, H; Nakajima, A; Wada, J; Yanabu, S (June 2006). "Breakdown Characteristics of Combined Insulation in Silicone Oil for Electric Power Apparatus". 2006 IEEE 8th International Conference on Properties and applications of Dielectric Materials. 2006 IEEE 8th International Conference on Properties and applications of Dielectric Materials. pp. 661–664. doi:10.1109/ICPADM.2006.284264. ISBN 1-4244-0190-9. S2CID 16025124.
- ^ "Space Station User's Guide, ISS Elements: Service Module ("Zvezda")". SpaceRef. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ^ Martín-Gil, J; Martín-Gil, FJ; De Andrés Santos, AI; et al. (1997). "Thermal behaviour of medical grade silicone oils". J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 42 (2): 151–158. doi:10.1016/S0165-2370(97)00002-8.
- ^ Doremus, R. H. (2002). "Viscosity of silica". J. Appl. Phys. 92 (12): 7619–7629. Bibcode:2002JAP....92.7619D. doi:10.1063/1.1515132.