Simkins v. City of Greensboro, 246 F.2d 425 (4th Cir. 1957),[1] was a 1957 case which required the City of Greensboro, North Carolina to stop discriminating on the basis of race[2] at its Gillespie Park Golf Club, even though it was leasing the club to a private organization. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the decision.
| Simkins v. City of Greensboro | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Court | United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit |
| Full case name | City of Greensboro and the Gillespie Park Golf Club, Incorporated v. George Simkins, Jr., Phillip W. Cook, Leonidas Wolf, Samuel Murray, Arthur Lee, Jr., Lonnie Reynolds, William Holmes, Elijah Herring, Joseph Studivent and James G. Hagins |
| Argued | June 14, 1957 |
| Decided | June 28, 1957 |
| Citation | 246 F.2d 425 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | John J. Parker, Simon Sobeloff, Clement Haynsworth |
| Case opinions | |
| Per curiam | |
Background
editIn December 1955, six African-American men (Leon Wolfe, George Simkins, Jr., Philip Cook, Sam Murray, Elijah Herring, and Joseph Sturdivant[3]) went to the Gillespie Golf Course in Greensboro, North Carolina, which had been built with public funds. The six paid greens fees and began to play despite being told they would not be allowed to. That night, the six were charged with trespassing, and convicted on that charge in February 1956, a conviction which was set aside by the North Carolina Supreme Court in June of the following year.
While that case, Wolfe v. North Carolina, was on-going, Simkins, who had been one of the six, filed the present case in Federal District Court and obtained an injunction in March 1957 against the golf course preventing them from operating the course on a discriminatory basis. That ruling was appealed to the Fourth Circuit.
Decision of the 4th Circuit
editIn a per curiam ruling, the Court found that the injunction had been granted properly, and that, while, the city could sell the property in a bona fide sale, it could not simply avoid the prohibition on discrimination through leasing the property. saying, "the right of citizens to use public property without discrimination on the ground of race may not be abridged by the mere leasing of the property."[1] Some commentators consider this the case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson,[4] as Brown's decision was limited to public schools.
Subsequent developments
editRather than desegregating its golf courses, the city sold them.[2]
The trespassing charges that had begun this story were later retried, and all six men were found guilty, as records of this trial and injunction were withheld in that case. The sentences of the six men were later commuted.[5]
References
edit- ^ a b Simkins v. City of Greensboro, 246 F.2d 425 (4th Cir. 1957).
- ^ a b Richardson, Christopher M.; Luker, Ralph E. (June 11, 2014). Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 412–. ISBN 9780810880375. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
- ^ Starn, Orin (December 12, 2011). The Passion of Tiger Woods: An Anthropologist Reports on Golf, Race, and Celebrity Scandal. Duke University Press. pp. 75–. ISBN 9780822352105. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
- ^ Sinclair, Adriana (October 28, 2010). International Relations Theory and International Law: A Critical Approach. Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–. ISBN 9781139491839. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
- ^ Kirsch, George B. (December 30, 2008). Golf in America. University of Illinois Press. pp. 155–. ISBN 9780252096389. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
External links
edit- Text of Simkins v. City of Greensboro, 246 F.2d 425 (4th Cir. 1957) is available from: CourtListener Google Scholar Justia OpenJurist