Szymon (Shimon, Simon) Srebrnik[1][2] (April 10, 1930 – August 16, 2006) was a Polish Jew and Holocaust survivor of the Chełmno extermination camp – a German Nazi death camp established in occupied Poland during World War II. Srebrnik escaped after being shot in the back of his head at close range, two days before the Russians arrived in 1945. His testimony along with that of the few other witnesses was critical to the prosecution of camp personnel and other Nazi officials, because of the destruction of evidence by the Germans of their mass extermination of Jews in Chełmno.[2]
At the age of fifteen, Srebrnik testified in June 1945 in the Polish trial of Chełmno personnel. He testified again about Chełmno in the 1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, and in the Chełmno trials in Germany (1962–1965) of the former SS men from the SS Special Detachment Kulmhof.[3]
Life
editGhetto and camp
editSrebrnik witnessed his father killed in the Łódź Ghetto. He was thirteen years old when he and his mother were deported to the Chelmno extermination camp. His mother was killed in a gas van. The camp SS selected Simon to work with a Jewish work detail which incinerated bodies of the victims in open-air crematoriums.[3]
Being only 13 and a half, Srebrnik was given the nickname "Spinnefix" (quick spider) by the Germans. During his time in the camp, he participated in the disposal of evidence of genocide. He took part in the gathering of crushed bones and ashes of gassing victims.[4] He helped take the sacks away at night. He rowed a flat-bottomed boat on the Ner River where the sacks were being emptied into the water. While rowing, Srebrnik used to entertain the Nazi SS guards by singing Prussian military songs which they taught him. Srebrnik also won jumping contests and speed races which the SS organized for chained prisoners to participate in. The SS usually killed those who lost.
On January 18, 1945, two days before Soviet troops arrived and liberated the camp, the Germans shot and killed most Jewish Sonderkommando prisoners who took part in the disposal of Holocaust evidence. Despite being shot in the head like the others, Srebrnik survived.[2][5] According to his own testimony, the German bullet missed the spine ("vital brain centres") and exited through his mouth without substantial blood loss.[3]
He testified about Chełmno at a trial held in Łódź, Poland, in 1945. Later, Srebrnik emigrated to Ness Ziona, Israel.[1]
Life in Israel
editAfter his emigration to Israel, Srebrnik lived in a Kibbutz and went into military service, eventually taking part in four wars.[4] He and two other survivors of Chełmno testified at the 1961 Adolf Eichmann Trial in Jerusalem (session 66-68).[6] In addition, he testified in the Chełmno Guard Trials, which were conducted in Germany from 1962–1965.[3] He was interviewed by the French filmmaker Claude Lanzmann for his documentary Shoah (1985). According to the Jerusalem Post, Srebrnik died in Israel in 2006 at age 76.
References
edit- ^ a b Chris Webb, H.E.A.R.T (2008). "Szymon Srebrnik, Chelmno Survivor Testimony". Chelmno Survivor Testimony. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
- ^ a b c Patricia Heberer (May 31, 2011). "Children in the Concentration Camp Universe. Szymon Srebrnik: "Spinnefix"" (Google Books). Children during the Holocaust. Rowman Altamira. p. 183. ISBN 978-0759119864. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
- ^ a b c d Patrick Montague (Mar 15, 2012). "Epilogue (Judge Władysław Bednarz)". Chelmno and the Holocaust: The History of Hitler's First Death Camp. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0807869413. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
- ^ a b Translation by Sarah Lippincott (August 2008). "Transcript of the Shoah interview with Simon Srebrnik" (PDF file, direct download 226 KB). The Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection (film outtakes only). USHMM. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
Note: spelling of last name: Simon Srebrnik.
- ^ Stuart Jeffries, "Claude Lanzmann on why Holocaust documentary 'Shoah' still matters", The Guardian, 9 June 2011, accessed 22 May 2013.
- ^ USHMM (May 11, 2012). "Chelmno" (permission granted to be reused, in whole or in part, on Wikipedia; OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed). Holocaust Encyclopedia. Copyright © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
Text from USHMM has been released under the GFDL.