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Pope Martin IV

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Pope Martin IV (Latin: Martinus IV; c. 1210/1220 – 28 March 1285), born Simon de Brion, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1281[1] to his death on 28 March 1285. He was the last French pope to have held court in Rome; all subsequent French popes held court in Avignon (the Avignon Papacy).

Pope

Martin IV
Bishop of Rome
14th century Illumination of Pope Martin IV
ChurchCatholic Church
Papacy began22 February 1281
Papacy ended28 March 1285
PredecessorNicholas III
SuccessorHonorius IV
Previous post(s)
Orders
Consecration23 March 1281
by Latino Malabranca Orsini
Created cardinal17 December 1261
by Urban IV
Personal details
Born
Simon de Brion

c. 1210–1220
Touraine, Kingdom of France
Died(1285-03-06)6 March 1285
Perugia, Papal States
Coat of armsMartin IV's coat of arms
Other popes named Martin

Early life

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Simon de Brion, son of Jean, sieur de Brion, was born at the château of Meinpincien,[2] Île-de-France, France, in the decade following 1210. He had a brother named Gilo, who was a knight in the Diocese of Sens.[3] The seigneurial family of Brion, who took their name from Brion near Joigny, flourished in the Brie français.[4] He spent time at the University of Paris,[5] and is said to have then studied law at Padua and Bologna. Through papal favour he received a canonry at Saint-Quentin in 1238 and spent the period 1248–1259 as a canon of the cathedral chapter in Rouen, finally as archdeacon.[6] At the same time he was appointed treasurer of the church of St. Martin in Tours by King Louis IX of France,[7] an office he held until he was elected pope in 1281. In 1255–1259, King Louis IX founded the French royal convent at Longchamps for the Poor Clares (Minoresses); the King's sister Isabelle was the patroness (though she never entered the cloister herself),[8] and Simon de Brion was the Guardian.[9] In 1259, he was appointed to the council of the king, who made him keeper of the great seal, chancellor of France, one of the great officers in the household of the king. He became Chancellor of Louis IX of France (1260–1261).[10]

Cardinal Simon de Brion

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On 17 December 1261,[11] the new French Pope, Urban IV (Jacques Pantaléon), made Chancellor de Brion cardinal-priest, with the titulus of the church of St. Cecilia. This would have entailed Simon de Brion's residence in Rome, but the affairs of Pope Urban required that he send a representative of the highest level to France to deal personally with King Louis IX and his brother Charles of Anjou and Provence. Simon's previous experience at the French Court made him the perfect choice as Legate.

Cardinal Simon therefore returned to France as Papal Legate for Urban IV and also for his successor Pope Clement IV in 1264–1268.[12] In 1264, on the eve of S. Bartholomew, he held a general synod at Paris.[13] He was appointed again, by Pope Gregory X on 1 August 1274, and he served continuously in France until 1279. His first task was to raise support and money for a Crusade against Manfred, the Hohenstaufen candidate for the Imperial Crown.[14] He immediately became deeply involved in the negotiations for papal support for the assumption of the crown of Sicily by Charles of Anjou. As Legate he presided over several synods on reform, and on the raising of funds for Pope Gregory's crusade. The most important of these was held at Bourges on 13 September 1276.[15]

Signatures on papal bulls indicate that Cardinal Simon was back in Viterbo by 11 January 1268. In a letter of 14 or 15 January 1268,[16] Pope Clement IV wrote to Cardinal Simon de Brion that he had heard that the Cardinal had fallen from his horse and in the accident had injured his leg. He also wrote that Conradin and Ludwig Duke of Bavaria were at Verona, and were pressing for Pavia. A general war was likely. Cardinal Simon's injury must not have been severe, since, on 3 April 1268, the Pope wrote to him with the request (not an order) that he undertake a legation to Germany (Teutonia), if he wished and if it were possible. The Pope needed a prudent and faithful man, who had clean hands and eyes wide open, who could stay centered on the business and let himself stray neither right nor left, who could preserve the Empire, keep the Apostolic See free from scandal, and the neighboring kingdoms free from danger. In vetting names, Simon seemed the most suitable.[17]

Pope Clement IV (Guy Foulques) fell ill on the Feast of S. Cecilia (22 November), and died at Viterbo on 29 November 1268. He had governed the Church for three years, nine months, and twenty-four days. The See of Peter was vacant for two years and nine months. Cardinal Simon de Brion came from France to attend the Conclave, which took place in the Episcopal Palace, next to the Cathedral of S. Lorenzo in Viterbo.[18] He was the senior cardinal-priest. Around Pentecost of 1270 (1 June), Cardinal Simon and Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi of S. Angelo had to leave the Conclave and retire to their residences for the sake of their health. On 22 August 1270, he was one of the signatories to the letter of protest sent by the Cardinals to Raynerius Gatti, Captain of the City of Viterbo, to cease and desist from their harassment of the Cardinals and their suites.[19] He was one of the cardinals who signed the electoral compact on September, 1270, to leave the election of a new pope to a committee of six, promising to accept the committee's decision.[20] He was not, however, one of the six cardinals elected to the Compromise Committee that selected Archdeacon Teobaldo Visconti as pope on 1 September 1270. The newly elected pope was not present in Viterbo, but was serving on Crusade with King Edward I of England. He arrived in Italy on 1 January 1271, and travelled to Viterbo, where he arrived early in February. He accepted the election, and chose to be called Gregory X. He and the Curia travelled to Rome, arriving on 13 March. On 19 March he was ordained a priest, and on 27 March he was consecrated bishop, and then crowned by Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini.

Three Conclaves of 1276

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Simon de Brion's appointment as Legate in France, made by Pope Gregory on 1 August 1274[21] continued throughout 1276. He was unable to be present for the Conclave of 1 January 1276,[22] which elected Peter of Tarantaise as Pope Innocent V. Nor was he present for the Conclave of 2–11 July,[23] which elected Ottobono Fieschi as Pope Adrian V. Nor was he present at the September Conclave, which, on 8 September, elected Peter Julian as Pope John XXI.[24] In each case the election was completed before he could have been notified, and before he could have travelled from France to central Italy. This was one of the defects of Gregory X's regulations on the holding of a Conclave.

Election of Nicholas III

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Pope John XXI was in contact with Cardinal Simon. He had written to him on 3 March 1277, ordering him to speak with the king of France about matters connected with Alfonso of Castile.[25] But the Pope died rather suddenly, after a reign of only eight months. He was still living in the Episcopal Palace in Viterbo, where Adrian V (Fieschi) had died and where he had been elected. The palace was still under construction, when suddenly the roof of one of the chambers collapsed. The Pope was in the room at the time, and he was severely injured. He died three (or six) days later, on 20 May 1277. Cardinal Simon de Brion was still in France when the Conclave began, but he was unable to predict that the Conclave would last until 25 November, and therefore he was not present. There were only seven cardinals in Viterbo, since neither Innocent V, nor Adrian V, nor John XXI had named any new cardinals.[26] They argued on and on, trying to choose a pope.[27] There were three cardinals who favored the Angevin Charles I and his designs. There were three who opposed him. Cardinal Bertrand de Saint Martin, Bishop of Sabina, the only surviving Cardinal Bishop, held a middle course, or perhaps one should say he saw too clearly to be willing to commit to either party.[28] Finally, they chose Cardinal Giovanni Gaetani (Orsini), a native Roman, the Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere and senior Deacon, and Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica.

Nicholas III immediately set out for Rome, where he was ordained a priest on 18 December 1277, and consecrated Bishop of Rome on 19 December. He was crowned on the Feast of S. Stephen, 26 December 1277 at the Vatican Basilica. One person, at least, was deeply unhappy about the outcome of this Conclave, King Charles I of Sicily.[29] The new Orsini pope was an enemy of the Angevins, and Charles knew he would have nothing but trouble from Nicholas III.

A week after the election of Nicholas III, the new pope wrote to Simon, who was still Legate in France, urging him to effect a reconciliation between the King of France, Philip III, and the King of Leon and Castile, Alfonso the Wise.[30] Since the King of Aragon, Peter III (who was married to Constance of Sicily) was involved in the struggle over Sicily with Charles I, this peace initiative threatened King Charles directly. On 22 April 1279, Pope Nicholas wrote to Cardinal Simon about King Philip. The Pope had issued a prohibition on tournaments, and King Philip and his barons were flagrantly violating the prohibition. Cardinal Simon was ordered to excommunicate the King of France.[31]

To ensure that his victory against the Angevins would stand, Nicholas III decided to go forward with a much needed addition to the Sacred College of Cardinals. At his first opportunity, on 12 March 1278, he created ten cardinals. Five cardinal bishops were named: Latino Frangipani Malabranca, OP, of Rome (Nicholas III's nephew by his sister Mabilia); Erhard de Lessines (Lesigny), of Langres, son of Guillaume, Marshal of Champagne; Bentivenga de Bentivengis, O.Min., of Aquasparta; Robert Kilwardby, OP, Archbishop of Canterbury; and Ordoño (Ordeonio) Álvarez, Bishop of Braga. Two cardinal-priests were named: Gerardo Bianchi of Parma, and Girolamo Masci d' Ascoli, O.Min., of Picenum. He also appointed three cardinal-deacons: Giordano Orsini, brother of Pope Nicholas III, of Rome; Giacomo Colonna of Rome; and Gerardo Cupalates, O.Min., of Piacenza.[32] The effect of these creations was to seriously dilute the Angevin influence in the Sacred College, and to considerably increase the monastic element, especially the Franciscan one. It needs to be recalled that Nicholas III was the Governor, Corrector, and Protector of the Franciscans. The Roman influence was also strengthened. The inevitable consequence would be that the next pope too would not be a creature of Charles I of Sicily.

Eventually, though, by 19 October 1279, Pope Nicholas recalled Cardinal Simon de Brion.[33]

Conclave of 1280–1281

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Main article: Papal election, 1280–81
 
The Cathedral and Episcopal Palace, Viterbo

Pope Nicholas III (Giovanni Caetano Orsini) died at Castro Soriano in the diocese of Viterbo on 22 August 1280 of an apoplectic stroke which had left him without speech.[34] A story was circulated nonetheless that he had been poisoned. At the time of his death on 22 August 1280, there were thirteen cardinals.[35] This would be the fifth Conclave in five years. King Charles had taken the trouble to make friends with the Annibaldi faction, led by Riccardo Annibaldi, who were enemies of the Orsini and who had been driven out of Rome in street fighting following the death of Nicholas III.[36] They had taken refuge in Viterbo, and now, by coincidence, they were present and entrenched and ready to make trouble on behalf of Charles I and themselves. Annibaldi led a coup in Viterbo, which drove out the governor of the city, Orso Orsini, the dead pope's nephew. The Angevins thereupon dominated the Conclave, in which the regulations of Gregory X were still in abeyance. But the Conclave still required a two-thirds vote to elect a pope, in according with the Constitution of Alexander III, which was still in effect. Neither the Orsini faction nor the French faction had sufficient votes to elect, but each had sufficient votes to block an election. The stalemate continued throughout the winter. On 2 February 1281, the Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a mob broke into the Episcopal palace, where the Conclave was in progress, and abducted two of the cardinals, Matteo Rosso Orsini and Giordano Orsini (the late pope's brother).[37] Without their opposition, Simon de Brion was unanimously elected to the papacy on 22 February 1281, taking the name Martin IV,[38]

For the third time in fifteen years Viterbo had hosted a papal conclave. And for the third time there were disorders which had threatened the validity of the election and the lives of the participants. Viterbo was placed under the ban of excommunication and of the interdict for the imprisonment of the cardinals. It was not possible, therefore, for the Coronation to take place in Viterbo. But Rome was not at all inclined to accept a hated Frenchman as Pope. Martin IV sent two cardinals, Latino Orsini and Goffredo da Alatri, to Rome with a letter, proposing that he be crowned in Rome on Quadragesima Sunday.[39] The Romans positively refused to allow the Coronation to take place in Rome. But they did hold a public meeting, and elected Giovanni Caetani Orsini in his purely personal capacity as their Senator, and authorized him to appoint anyone he chose as his substitute. So Martin IV was crowned instead at Orvieto on 23 March 1281.[40] He never visited Rome during his Pontificate. Instead he immediately sent his Vicar, Peter of Lavagna, to Rome. But on 30 April 1281, Pope Martin handed the senatorial power over to King Charles for the rest of his reign.[41]

Papacy

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Papal bulla of Martin IV

Dependent on Charles of Anjou in nearly everything, the new Pope quickly appointed him to the position of Senator of Rome.[42] At the insistence of Charles, Martin IV excommunicated the Eastern Roman Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, who stood in the way of Charles's plans to restore the Latin Empire of the East that had been established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade. He thus broke the tenuous union which had been reached between the Greek and the Latin Churches at the Second Council of Lyons in 1274 and further compromise was rendered impossible.

In 1282, Charles lost control of the island of Sicily in the violent massacre known as the Sicilian Vespers.[43] The Sicilians had elected Peter III of Aragon as their king and sought papal confirmation, in vain, though they were willing to reconfirm Sicily as a vassal state of the papacy. Martin IV used all the spiritual and material resources at his command against the Aragonese in order to preserve Sicily for the House of Anjou. He excommunicated Peter III, declared his kingdom of Aragon forfeit, and ordered a crusade against him,[44] but it was all in vain.

Due to the hostility of Raynerius, the Captain of Orvieto, in the repeated struggles between Guelphs and Ghibellines, Pope Martin was unable to remain at Orvieto.[45] He removed himself and the Papal Curia from Orvieto on 26 June 1284, and arrived in Perugia on 4 October.[46] He died at Perugia on 28 March 1285.

 
The cathedral and town of Orvieto

Following the example of Nicholas III, Pope Martin IV created new cardinals at his first opportunity, on the Quattuor Tempora of Lent, 12 April 1281. His new cardinals included: Bernardus de Languissello of Nîmes, the Archbishop of Arles since 1273; Hugh of Evesham, Canon of York and Archdeacon of Worcester; Gervasius de Glincamp of Mans, Archdeacon of Paris; Comes Giusianus, Conte de Casate, of Milan, Auditor of the Rota; Gaufridus (Geoffroy) de Barro or Barbeau, of Burgundy, Dean of the Cathedral of Paris; Johannes Chauleti (Cholet), of the village of Nointre in the diocese of Beauvais, a personal friend of Philip III, Philip IV, and Pope Martin IV; and Benedetto Gaetano of Anagni, who was elected Pope Boniface VIII on 24 December 1295. The French influence is strongly in evidence, and only Cardinal Gaetano came from the neighborhood of Rome.[citation needed]

Death

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Pope Martin IV celebrated a solemn Mass in the Cathedral of Perugia on Easter Sunday, 25 March 1285, which was also the Feast of the Annunciation. After his usual lunch with his chaplains, he was stricken with a sudden illness. On Easter Wednesday, 28 March, around the fifth hour of the night, he died. He was buried in the Cathedral of San Lorenzo in Perugia. He had reigned four years and one month. His successor was elected four days later, on 2 April.

In the Divine Comedy, Dante sees Martin IV in Purgatory, where the reader is reminded of the former pontiff's fondness for Lake Bolsena eels and Vernaccia wine.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ *Miranda, Salvador. "BRION, Simon de (ca. 1210/1230-1285)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621.
  2. ^ Nikolaus Backes, Kardinal Simon de Brion (Breslau) 1910, used by H.K. Mann and J. Hollnsteiner, The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages XVI (London) 1932: 171–205., both quoted by Kay, Richard (1965). "Martin IV and the Fugitive Bishop of Bayeux". Speculum. 40 (3): 460–483 [p. 461f.] doi:10.2307/2850920. JSTOR 2850920. S2CID 163723072.
  3. ^ F. Duchesne, Preuves de l' histoire de tous les cardinaux françois (Paris 1660) p. 220.
  4. ^ The Brie champenoise, by contrast, consisted of that part of the pays of Brie that lay within territories of the counts of Champagne. As a measure of the fractionalisations caused by feudalism, the sieur de Brion nevertheless held his seigneurie of Meinpincien from the count of Champagne.
  5. ^ César du Boulay, Historia Universitatis Parisiensis Tomus III (Paris 1655), p. 710. He studied the Liberal Arts as a youth.
  6. ^ As Magister Simon de Meinpiciaco he signed a document at Louviers, 2 March 1248. (Kay 1965:463).
  7. ^ F. Duchesne, Preuves de l' histoire de tous les cardinaux françois (Paris 1660) pp. 218–219.
  8. ^ Gábor Klaniczay, Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe (Cambridge: CUP 2002), p. 237.
  9. ^ Robert Brentano, Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth Century Rome (Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press 1990), p. 230. Acta Sanctorum Augusti Vol. 6, p. 789.
  10. ^ F. Duchesne, Histoire des chanceliers et gardes des sceaux de France (Paris 1680), 234–236.
  11. ^ Date as given by Mann and Hollnsteiner 1932. Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 8, with n. 1.
  12. ^ A large collection of letters from Urban IV and from Clement IV to Cardinal Simon can be found in: Edmund Martène and Ursine Durand, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum Tomus Secundus (Paris 1717), 1–636. A not inconsiderable number of these concern money.
  13. ^ F. Duchesne, Preuves de l' histoire de tous les cardinaux françois (Paris 1660) p. 219.
  14. ^ Martene and Durand, p. 114, Epistle 32.
  15. ^ Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' Cardinali della Santa Romana chiesa I. 2 (Roma 1792), p. 304; Adolphe-Charles Peltier, Dictionnaire universel des conciles I (Paris 1847), 358. Carl Joseph von Hefele, Conciliengeschichte nach dem Quellen bearbeitet second edition Volume VI (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder 1890) 176–177.
  16. ^ Epistole et dictamina Clementis pape quarti (ed. Matthias Thumser) (Berlin 2007), no. 418, pp. 258–259.
  17. ^ Epistole et dictamina Clementis pape quarti (ed. Matthias Thumser) (Berlin 2007), no. 473, p. 292.
  18. ^ "Sede Vacante and Conclave, 1268–1271 (Dr. J. P. Adams)".
  19. ^ Francesco Cristofori, Il conclave del MCCLXX in Viterbo (Roma-Siena-Viterbo 1888) pp. 343–344.
  20. ^ F. Cristofori, Le tombe dei pape in Viterbo (Siena 1887), pp. 208–209.
  21. ^ A. Theiner, Caesaris S.R.E. Card. Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici 22 (Bar-le-Duc 1870), p. 334, under the year 1274, no. 35-36; Richard Sternfeld , Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III) 1244–1277 (Berlin 1905) 241.
  22. ^ "Conclave of 20–21 January 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams)".
  23. ^ "Conclave of 2–11 July 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams)".
  24. ^ "Conclave of September, 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams)".
  25. ^ Registre de Jean XXI (ed. Cadier, 1892), no. 164, p. 55.
  26. ^ "Sede Vacante and Conclave of 1277 (Dr. J.P. Adams)".
  27. ^ F. Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume V.2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906) pp. 477–479.
  28. ^ Annales Placentini Ghibellini, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores Volume XVIII, p. 569.
  29. ^ Friedrich Baethgen, "Eine Pamphlet Karls I. von Anjou zur Wahl Papst Nikolaus III.," Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil-historische Klasse no. 7 (Munich 1960)
  30. ^ Otto Posse, Analecta Vaticana (Oeniponti: Libraria Academica Wagneriana 1878) #898.
  31. ^ Augustinus Theiner (Editor), Caesaris S. R. E. Cardinalis Baronii, Od. Raynaldi et Jac. Laderchii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus Vigesimus Secundus 1257–1285 (Barri-Ducis: Ludovicus Guerin 1870), under the year 1279, § 17, p. 454. August Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), p. 1742, no. 21567.
  32. ^ Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I editio altera (Monasterii 1913), pp. 9–10.
  33. ^ H. Denifle, Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis I (Paris 1889), p. 578. Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' Cardinali della Santa Romana chiesa I. 2 (Roma 1792), p. 304
  34. ^ Bernardus Guidonis, "Vita Nicolai III" in Ludovico Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores III. 1 (Milan 1733), p. 606-607.
  35. ^ Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 10 note 3.
  36. ^ Gregorovius, Volume V, part 2, pp. 491–492.
  37. ^ Giovanni Villani, Cronica Book VII, chapter 58 (ed. Dragomanni) Tome I (Firenze 1844), pp. 391–392.
  38. ^ Popes Marinus I and Marinus II, by an old error of the papal chancery, were counted as "Martins" II and III. (Encyclopædia Britannica 1911, s.v., "Brie")
  39. ^ Theiner, Caesaris S.R.E. Card. Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici 22, under the year 1280, § 5, pp. 483–484. Gregorovius, Volume V, part 2, pp. 493–495.
  40. ^ Bernardus Guidonis, "Vita Martini IV" in Ludovico Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores III. 1 (Milan 1733), p. 608.
  41. ^ Gregorovius, Volume V, part 2, p. 494.
  42. ^ Robert Brentano, Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth Century Rome (Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press 1990), pp. 96–99; 120–125. Friedrich Bock, "Le trattive per la senatoria di Roman e Carlo d'Angiò", Archivio della Società romana di storia patria 78 (1955), 69–105. Franco Bartolini, "Per la storia del Senato Romano nel secoli XII e XIII," Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo e Archivio Muratoriano, 60 (1946), 1–108. Luigi Pompili Olivieri, Il senato Romano I (Roma 1886), pp. 201–202.
  43. ^ Steven Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, England: University Press; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1958). I papi ed i vespri siciliani. Con documenti inediti (Roma, Stamperia vaticana, 1882). Michele Amari, La Guerra del vespro siciliano seconda edizione (Paris 1843). F. Soldevila, História de Catalunya (Barcelona 1962), I, pp. 377–402.
  44. ^ Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France, 987–1328. London: Continuum Press. p. 239. ISBN 9781852855284.
  45. ^ A. Theiner, Caesaris S.R.E. Card. Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici 22 (Bar-le-Duc 1870), p. 537, under the year 1284, no. 17.
  46. ^ Edith Pasztor, "Per la storia dell'amministrazione dello stato pontificio sotto Martino IV." Miscellanea in onore di Monsignor Martino Giusti, Vol. 2 (Vatican City, 1978), pp. 181–194.

Bibliography

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Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Pope
22 February 1281 – 28 March 1285 		Succeeded by
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