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Raffles Institution

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Raffles Institution (RI) is an independent educational institution in Singapore. Founded in 1823, it is the oldest school in the country. It provides secondary education for boys only from Year 1 to Year 4, and pre-university education for both boys and girls in Year 5 and Year 6. Since 2007, RI and its affiliated school Raffles Girls' School have been offering the six-year Raffles Programme, which allows students to skip the Singapore-Cambridge GCE O-Level examinations and proceed to take the Singapore-Cambridge GCE A-Level examinations at the end of Year 6.

Raffles Institution
莱佛士书院 (Chinese)
Institusi Raffles (Malay)
இராஃபிள்ஸ் கல்வி நிலையம் (Tamil)
Address
Map
1 Raffles Institution Lane
Singapore 575954

Singapore
Information
TypeIndependent
MottoAuspicium Melioris Aevi (Latin)
(Hope of a Better Age)
Founded5 June 1823; 201 years ago (1823-06-05)
FounderStamford Raffles
Sister schoolRaffles Girls' School
ChairmanBey So Khiam[1]
PrincipalAaron Loh[2]
GenderBoys (Year 1-4)
Mixed (Year 5-6)
Enrolment4,000[3]
Colour(s)  Green
  Black
  White
MascotGryphon and eagle
Team nameTeam Raffles
PublicationThe Rafflesian Times
YearbookThe Rafflesian
Websiteri.edu.sg

RI is notable for having produced 96 President's Scholars, three presidents, two prime ministers,[4] four speakers of Parliament, several Cabinet ministers and Members of Parliament, as well as many chief executive officers of statutory boards, agencies and state-owned companies.[5] Its alumni body, the Old Rafflesians Association (ORA), includes former Prime Ministers Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, as well as former Presidents Yusof Ishak, Benjamin Sheares and Wee Kim Wee.[6][7][8]

RI has one of the highest admission rates to the elite universities of the world such as the Ivy League and Oxbridge.[9] It had the highest number of admissions to the University of Cambridge, with 48 students receiving offers in the 2022 admissions cycle,[10] while 52 were accepted for Oxford and Cambridge combined in 2021,[11] and 77 in 2022 (2nd highest of all schools).[10]

History

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An undated photo of the original Raffles Institution building at the junction of Bras Basah and Beach Road (the site diagonally opposite SAF Warrant Officers and Specialists Club building)

Foundation

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RI was founded by Stamford Raffles, who proposed the establishment of "the Institution" or "Singapore Institution" at a meeting he convened on 1 April 1823.[12][13] Raffles wanted to establish a college for the people of Singapore since the founding of the colony, and wrote on 12 January 1823 that a site for a planned college had been selected.[14] His intention was to provide education for the children of local leaders in the new British colony of Singapore as well as the company's employees and others who wished to learn the local languages. Another objective was to "collect the scattered literature and traditions of the country" so that the most important may be published and circulated.[8][15][16] Raffles referred to the plan as his "last public act"; by setting up the Institution, he hoped it that it could, through its generations of alumni, serve as "the means of civilising and bettering the conditions of millions" beyond Singapore.[17] Those involved in the plan for the Institution included Reverend Robert Morrison, Sophia Raffles, William Farquhar, and William Marsden. It was initially suggested that the Institution should merge with the Anglo-Chinese College founded by Morrison in Malacca, but this plan did not materialise.[18] Raffles contributed S$2,000, secured a grant of S$4,000 from the British East India Company and, together with subscriptions from other individuals, raised funds totalling S$17,495 for the project.[14] He drafted the curriculum, and set up the structure for the board of trustees that included William Wilberforce.[19]

The original building of RI was sited on Bras Basah Road and it was designed by engineer Philip Jackson. Raffles laid the foundation stone of the building on 5 June 1823, a few days before he left Singapore for the last time on 9 June.[19] No classes were held while the building was under construction, but the project stalled and the building was left unfinished for some time.[17] Raffles' vision was also not shared by John Crawfurd, the British Resident of Singapore, who felt the scale of the project excessive, and that the government should focus its efforts on elementary education instead.[20] In 1835, a group of European merchants raised money for the Raffles Monument Fund to commemorate Raffles' contribution to Singapore, and proposed that it should be used to complete the Institution.[19] George Drumgoole Coleman was then hired to finish and extend the original building by Jackson.[20]

Early years

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On 1 August 1834, Reverend F. J. Darrah opened the Singapore Free School with 46 boys, which quickly grew to nearly 80. When the building for the Institution was completed in 1837, the school applied to occupy the building, a proposal the trustees of the Institution accepted.[21] The Singapore Free School moved into the building in December 1837, and became the Institution Free School.[16] It was, however, established as an elementary school rather than the college that Raffles had initially intended.[19] Originally the school offered classes in Malay, Chinese and English, but the Malay classes soon closed in 1842 due to low enrolment, and it would eventually become an English-medium school.[16] In May 1839, the first wing extension was completed, and the second at the end of 1841. In 1856, the Singapore Institution Free School was renamed Singapore Institution.[19]

In the 1860s, the school gradually turned into a high school. In 1868, the school was renamed Raffles Institution in honour of its founder.[19] The most significant headmasters of the period were J. B. Bayley and R. W. Hullett, who oversaw the transition and ran the school for a cumulative period of 50 years.[16]

The school is Singapore's first institution to enrol girls, with 11 pupils accepted in 1844.[16] In 1879, the girls' wing of the school was established as a separate but affiliated school, Raffles Girls' School.

Relocation

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In March 1972, the school moved to Grange Road.[22] The old building was demolished and replaced by Raffles City Shopping Centre. The Bras Basah campus's library building is featured on the S$2 paper and polymer note in Singapore currency.[23]

 
Bust of Stamford Raffles at the Year 1-4 atrium

In 1984, RI became one of two schools selected by the Ministry of Education to pilot the Gifted Education Programme to cater to intellectually gifted students.[24]

In 1990, the school moved again, this time from Grange Road to a new campus at Bishan, then a recently created new town.[25]

Raffles Junior College

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Main article: Raffles Junior College

In 1982, Raffles Junior College (RJC) was established at Paterson Road to take over the school's burgeoning pre-university enrolment. It subsequently moved to Mount Sinai Road in 1984.

In 2004, the six-year Raffles Programme was offered to Secondary 1 to 3 students. It allows RI students to skip the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examinations, which students would previously sit for at the end of Year 4. Instead, they move on directly to RJC for Years 5 and 6 and sit for the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level examinations at the end of Year 6. This frees up time which students would otherwise spend on preparing for the O Level examinations, allowing them to spend more time engaging in enrichment and co-curricular or passion-driven activities. The curriculum serves to "seek to nurture the best and brightest into men and women of scholarship who will be leaders of distinction, committed to excellence and service in the interest of the community and nation."[26] This subsequently led to the merging of RI's GEP and Special/Express streams to form a single Raffles Programme stream, and the establishment of its in-house academic talent development programme, Raffles Academy, catering to exceptionally gifted students via subject-specific pullout classes from Year 3 onwards, in 2007.

In 2005, RJC, along with Hwa Chong Junior College, became one of the first junior colleges in Singapore to attain independent status. RJC moved to its new Bishan campus adjacent to RI at the start of the 2005 school year, after attaining independent status and becoming the first pre-university institution in Singapore to be awarded the School Excellence Award.

In 2009, RI and RJC re-integrated to form a single institution under the name "Raffles Institution" to facilitate the running of the Raffles Programme and better align processes and curriculum.[27]

School identity and culture

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RI is a member of various academic partnerships and alliances, such as the G30 Schools and Winchester Network. It also co-founded the Global Alliance of Leading-Edge Schools.[28]

Motto

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The school motto - Auspicium Melioris Aevi - comes from the coat of arms of its founder, Stamford Raffles. The official translation by the school is "Hope of a Better Age".[29][nb 1]

Houses

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The five houses, three of them named after former headmasters, are Bayley, Buckley, Hullett, Moor and Morrison, represented by the colours yellow, green, black, red and blue respectively.

● C. B. Buckley was the Secretary to the Board of Trustees of Raffles Institution.

● J. B. Bayley was a Headmaster who "raised Raffles Institution to a large and flourishing establishment", as recorded by the board of trustees.[30]

● J. H. Moor was the first Headmaster of the school, whose 4th great-grandson is Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada.[31]
● Reverend Robert Morrison was the co-founder of Raffles Institution.
● R.W. Hullett was Raffles Institution's longest-serving Headmaster (31 years).

Year 1 students are sorted into houses by class. In the early years of RI's history, there were ten houses, including a sixth Philips house (purple), later disbanded. House allocations used to be student-based, instead of class-based. Each House is led by a House Captain, a Year 4 student, who carries out his role along with the respective House Committee. The Houses participate in inter-house tournaments and activities, notably including the annual Inter-House Sports Carnival, Dramafeste and the Inter-House Debate tournament, with points earned from each activity contributing to the House Championship which is awarded at the end of the school year.[32]

Students of the college section were divided into five Houses, the name of which is an amalgamation of its counterparts in RI and RGS:

   
   
Buckle-Buckley
   
   
Bayley-Waddle
   
   
Hadley-Hullett
   
   
Moor-Tarbet
   
   
Morrison-Richardson

Uniform

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The school uniform from Years 1 to 4 is all-white, including a white short-sleeved shirt with the school badge at the top-right corner of the shirt pocket. Lower secondary students (Years 1 and 2) wear white short trousers and white socks. From Year 3 onwards, students may continue in short pants or opt for white long trousers. Shoes are white-based for all students. Year 3 and 4 prefects wear formal black shoes, except for Physical Education lessons, where they wear appropriate shoes. School ties are worn on formal occasions. Teachers wear a formal gown for special occasions. The uniform for male students in Years 5 and 6 is identical to that worn by students in Years 3 and 4. The uniform for female students in Years 5 and 6 consists of a white blouse and a dark green pleated skirt.[33]

Discipline

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In his memoir The Singapore Story, Lee Kuan Yew mentioned that he was caned by the headmaster D. W. McLeod for chronic tardiness when he attended RI in the 1930s.[7] In 1956, a former RI prefect also wrote that during his time there, "boys were caned on their bottoms for even winking at the girls. We did have very good discipline in our time and the boys became good citizens, lawyers, doctors, etc."[34]

Curriculum and student activities

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Since 2007, the school has offered the six-year Integrated Programme, which allows students to bypass the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examinations and take the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level examinations at the end of Year 6. Known within the Raffles schools as the Raffles Programme, it is offered jointly with Raffles Girls' School.

Orientation programmes

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Year 1 Orientation Camp

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The new intake of Year 1 students go through a 3-day orientation camp, involving understanding the school's culture and knowing the campus grounds, and various activities to facilitate class bonding, leadership development, etc. Year 4 Peer Support Leaders and the Head and Deputy head prefects guide them through this camp and the rest of the orientation period. At the end of the camp, the first-year students receive their school badges in the Junior Rafflesian Investiture Ceremony (JRIC), which occurs on the Friday of the Orientation Week.[35]

Raffles Leadership Programme

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The Raffles Leadership Programme is an initiative of the Leadership Development Department, aimed at preparing students to take on positions of leadership in school and in life. All Year 3 pupils go through the programme which includes going through the Leadership Challenge Workshop and taking the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Instrument. It also features a one-term residential component at RI Boarding.[36] The boarding programme started as a trial in 2008 and has now become a full-cohort programme.[37][38]

Under the Raffles Leadership Programme, Our Year 3 pupils also get to take part in a ten-week residential programme in RI Boarding to learn about independent living skills.[39] The boarding programme was shortened to a seven-week programme in 2019. It can be held in terms 1, 2 or 3.

Students' Council (Year 5-6)

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The Students' Council of the Years 5-6 section is divided into a total of eight departments, namely the Welfare Department, the Communications Department, the CCA Department and five House Directorates, which form the EXCO for each of the five houses. Each councillor also takes up one or two of the six functions, which are college events organised by the council: National Day, Teachers' Day, Grad Night, Open House, Orientation and Council Camp.[40] Members of the Students' Council are selected through a college-wide election process. Each batch undergoes a rigorous selection process, which culminates in the Council Investiture. The Students' Council is headed by a President, who is assisted by his/her executive committee consisting of two vice-presidents, two Secretaries, the three Heads of Departments and the five House Captains. As of October 2024, the school is served by the 44th batch of Student Councillors.

Co-curricular activities

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Year 1-4 (Secondary School section)

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RI offers about 40 co-curricular activities (CCAs), including sports, uniformed groups, performing arts, and clubs and societies.[41]

CCAs are categorised as either core or merit CCAs. Core CCAs comprise all sports, uniformed groups and performing arts, as well as Raffles Debaters while merit CCAs consist of all other clubs and societies. Every student of the school takes up at least one core CCA. Merit CCAs are optional, but students are encouraged to take up at least one merit CCA to supplement their core CCA. Certain merit CCAs, such as the Infocomm Club, however, may substitute for a core CCA instead.

The school's sports teams and uniformed groups have earned top places in many national inter-school competitions, doing well in Red Cross Youth, rugby, National Cadet Corps, sailing, floorball, Boys' Brigade, and cross-country running, among others.[42][43]

The performing arts groups have also done well in the Singapore Youth Festival, held once every two years,[44] while the clubs and societies have also won awards.[45]

Year 5-6 (Junior College Section)

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The Year 5-6 section offers over 70 CCAs, including sports, performing arts, and clubs and societies. Unlike in the first four years of the Raffles Programme, no distinction is made between core and merit CCAs. Students may offer up to two CCAs, no more than one of which may be a sports or performing arts group.

Teams from RI performed well nationally in 2011, with the performing arts groups clinching 15 Golds (including nine with honours) and five Silvers at the biennial Singapore Youth Festival Central Judging[46] and the sports teams winning 32 championship titles as well as 24 Silvers and 11 Bronzes at the National Interschools Sports Championships.[47] The school's clubs and societies have also performed excellently in their various national competitions, with Raffles Debaters clinching championship titles and the History and Strategic Affairs Society clinching best school delegation awards at international Model United Nations conferences.[48]

Publications

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The college community is served by the Raffles Press, the school's journalism society, which publishes its flagship online student newspaper Word of Mouth. The newspaper includes features, op-ed columns, sports reports and concert reviews. In addition, all staff and most students also receive a copy of the Rafflesian Times, the school's official magazine, from the Communications Department.

The journalism society regularly publishes articles dealing with daily school life, recent assemblies and events as well as wider national issues including Singapore's golden jubilee (SG50) and the 2015 Southeast Asian haze.

In 2015, students from the school also started an unofficial satirical publication, The Waffle Press, which pokes fun at school events and examinations.

Boarding

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The 13-storey twin towers next to the boarding complex

Raffles Institution Boarding is housed in a boarding complex consisting of five blocks. These are named after the five Houses; Bayley, Buckley, Hullett, Moor and Morrison. Each block, apart from the new Hullett block, can accommodate 90 pupils. All blocks have their own staff, and the boarding complex is overseen by several Boarding Mentors.

History

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The foundation stone of the Boarding Complex was laid by Lee Kuan Yew on 25 March 1994. The first batch of boarders moved into the Complex in 1996. During the upgrading works in 2006, the former Moor block was demolished to make way for a 13-storey twin tower hostel, the Hullett block, completed in July 2007,[49] and the former Hullett block in turn renamed Moor. The three blocks of Buckley, Moor and Bayley houses boys enrolling in Raffles Leadership Programme, whereas Morrison block catered to girls previously.

Campus

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Entrance to RI and RJC

The Raffles Institution Year 1 - 4 campus consists of six main blocks on 18.65 hectares of land.[citation needed]

Yusof Ishak Block (Former Admin Block)

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Raffles Institution Yusof Ishak Block

The main building is the Yusof Ishak Block, comprising offices, staff rooms, lecture theatres, study areas and computer labs, as well the Main Atrium. It houses the Year 1-4 General Office and the Raffles Archives & Museum. Major upgrading works were completed in early 2007.[49]

Science Hub

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The Science Hub, opened in 2008, includes facilities for specialised research such as Xploratory-Labs;[50] as well as Chemistry, Physics and Biology labs. It also houses the Discovery Labs, a Laser Animation/Technology Studio, the Materials Science Lab and the Raffles Academy Home Room. It is connected to the Yusof Ishak Block.

Hullett Memorial Library / Shaw Foundation Dining Hall

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The Hullett Memorial Library (HML) stands below the Shaw Foundation Dining Hall, with a staircase leading down to the library. Co-founded by Lim Boon Keng and Song Ong Siang, it was named after RI's longest-serving Headmaster, Richmond William Hullett, in 1923. The library's official founding (even though a library and museum, from which the National Museum originated, had existed for decades prior to 1923) also marked the centenary of the founding of the institution.[51] The library traces its roots to the founding of RI, making it the oldest library in Singapore.[8][52] The origins of Singapore's National Library lie in the HML.[53]

Sports facilities

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The school's gymnasium underwent renovation in 2010, and was used as a training venue for gymnasts during the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, together with that in the Year 5-6 campus.[54] The school also has two tennis courts, two basketball courts, two squash courts, and two cricket nets.[citation needed]

Following the re-integration with Raffles Junior College from 2009, more sports facilities are available. Floorball, table tennis, judo and gymnastics are RI sports now able to use the Year 5-6 Campus facilities.[55]

Notable alumni

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See also: Raffles Institution (Junior College) § Notable alumni, and Raffles Girls' School (Secondary) § Notable alumni

Academia

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Arts

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Business

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Politics

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Presidents
Prime Ministers and Chief Ministers
Speakers of Parliament
Current Cabinet ministers
People's Action Party Members of Parliament (MPs)
Workers' Party Members of Parliament (MPs)
Progress Singapore Party politicians
Former politicians
Non-Singaporean politicians

Public service

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Defence
Education
Legal
Foreign affairs
  • Albert Chua, former Permanent Representative of Singapore to the United Nations
  • Tommy Koh, former Permanent Representative of Singapore to the United Nations
Others

Sports

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  • Au-Yeong Pak Kuan, former national footballer
  • Daphne Chia, former national rhythmic gymnastics athlete, competed at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
  • Choo Seng Quee, famed national football coach in the 1970s
  • Quah Kim Song, former national footballer
  • Soh Rui Yong, two-time SEA Games Marathon Champion and Singapore national record holder at 5,000m, 10,000m, Half Marathon and Marathon
  • Cherie Tan, Bowling World Champion, six-time SEA Games Gold Medalist, two-time Asian Games Gold medalist

Religion

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Others

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ While the school's translation of its motto is "hope of a better age", [58] this is a mistranslation. Auspicium primarily means an augury or auspice, which is a divinatory omen derived by an augur from watching the flight of birds. [59] It may mean omen, token or sign, but not hope.

References

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  1. ^ "Board of Governors". Raffles Institution. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  2. ^ "Principal's Welcome". Raffles Institution. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  3. ^ "Raffles | ABOUT". Raffles Institution. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  4. ^ "ISSUU - Raffles Institution School Brochure 2012 by Raffles Institution". Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  5. ^ "ISSUU - 2011 School Brochure by Raffles Institution". Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  6. ^ Honorary Members Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Old Rafflesians' Association, 2005.
  7. ^ a b c "The Singapore Story". Time Asia. Hong Kong. 21 September 1998. Archived from the original on 14 February 2001.
  8. ^ a b c Wijeysingha, E. (2004). "1–11". The Eagle Breeds a Gryphon. Singapore: Raffles Institution. ISBN 978-981-00-2054-5.
  9. ^ Ang, Matthias (5 June 2018). "'Raffles' & 'elitism' debate in S'pore is more than 130 years old". Mothership. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Revealed: The schools which won the highest number of Oxbridge offers". The Telegraph. 13 October 2022. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022.
  11. ^ Heseltine, Annabel (28 October 2021). "Inside the 'Oxbridge factory' Singapore school… that only costs £160 a month". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021.
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  13. ^ Charles Burton Buckley (1902). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore, Printed by Fraser & Neave, limited. p. 139.
  14. ^ a b Charles Burton Buckley (1902). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore, Printed by Fraser & Neave, limited. p. 122.
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  16. ^ a b c d e Cheeseman, H.R. (8 October 1935). "A Century of Education in Singapore". The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. p. 16. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  17. ^ a b Glendinning, Victoria (1 November 2012). Raffles: And the Golden Opportunity. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-84765-824-1.
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  23. ^ "The Singapore Mint:Note Facts", The Singapore Mint, 2013.
  24. ^ "Gifted Education Programme: Development and Growth". Ministry of Education. n.d. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  25. ^ Lee, June (11 May 2012). "RI's Bishan Campus: And the Twain Shall Meet". Raffles Institution. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  26. ^ "Mission and Goals". Raffles Institution. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
  27. ^ Huang, Ryan (13 October 2008). "RI, RJC to merge next year; new school will be Raffles Institution". Channel NewsAsia. Singapore. Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  28. ^ "Raffles | GLOBAL". Raffles Institution. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  29. ^ "Our Vision and Motto". Raffles Institution. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011.
  30. ^ Bayley House page Archived 1 May 2008 at archive.today, Raffles Institution.
  31. ^ Teng, Amelia (16 November 2018). "Canadian PM Justin Trudeau a descendant of Raffles Institution's first headmaster". The Straits Times. Singapore. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  32. ^ "Raffles Institution". Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  33. ^ "School Rules" (PDF). Raffles Institution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2011.
  34. ^ "A bit of discipline is good for boys". The Straits Times. Singapore. 8 October 1956. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023.
  35. ^ "Year 1 Milestones". Raffles Institution. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011.
  36. ^ "The Raffles Programme". Raffles Institution. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  37. ^ Yuen Sin (13 June 2016). "Boarding programme: Living with peers". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  38. ^ "Raffles Leadership Programme". Facebook. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  39. ^ "Raffles Leadership Programme". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
  40. ^ "Functions". teamraffles. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  41. ^ "CCAs". Raffles Institution. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  42. ^ "2005 Sports & Games Achievements" Archived 2 September 2006 at archive.today, Raffles Institution, 2005-2006.
  43. ^ "2005 Achievements by Uniformed Groups" Archived 2 September 2006 at archive.today, Raffles Institution, 26 November 2005.
  44. ^ "2005 Achievements by Music, Drama & Aesthetics Groups" Archived 2 September 2006 at archive.today, Raffles Institution, 2005-2006.
  45. ^ "2005 Academic Competition Achievements" Archived 2 September 2006 at archive.today, Raffles Institution, 2005-2006.
  46. ^ "Raffles Institution". Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  47. ^ "Raffles Institution". Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  48. ^ "Raffles Institution - a leading Singaporean pre-tertiary institution". www.ri.edu.sg. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  49. ^ a b "Hot News", Raffles Institution, 26 November 2005.
  50. ^ "MSD Singapore" Archived 29 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Raffles Institution/ Merck Sharp and Dohme Exploratory Laboratories, 22 April 2000
  51. ^ The History of The Hullett Memorial Library Archived 27 September 2006 at archive.today.
  52. ^ " It houses over 50,000 books. From Books to Bytes - The story of the National Library", National Library Board, 2006.
  53. ^ "The Singapore Institution Library" Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, National Library Board, Singapore, 4 November 2002.
  54. ^ "Singapore Candidature File Volume 1" (PDF). SYOCOG. n.d. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
  55. ^ Lim Say Heng (20 January 2009). "But other sports benefit from merger". The New Paper. Singapore.[permanent dead link‍]
  56. ^ "Director-General of Education Ho Peng to retire after 36 years of service". The Straits Times. 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  57. ^ Andreas Emil Lange, Penjawat Awam Brooke Di Sarawak Dan Kerabat Diraja Johor - The Patriots, 2019, archived from the original on 15 October 2023, retrieved 11 September 2023
  58. ^ "Our Mission". Raffles Institution. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  59. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (n.d.). "A Latin Dictionary". Tufts University. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2020.

Bibliography

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  • Wijeysingha, Eugene et al., (1992), One Man's Vision - Raffles Institution in Focus.
  • Wijeysingha, Eugene (1985), The Eagle Breeds a Gryphon. ISBN 981-00-2054-6
  • Raffles Programme. "Raffles Programme - Nurturing the Thinker, Leader and Pioneer" Archived 9 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine, Raffles Family of Schools, 2006, retrieved 7 December 2006.
  • Seet, K. K. (1983). A place for the people (pp. 6–16). Singapore: Times Books International. ISBN 978-9971-65-097-1
  • Wijeysingha, E. (1963). A history of Raffles Institution, 1823-1963. Singapore: University Education Press. OCLC 36660
  • Makepeace, Walter; Brooke, Gilbert E.; Braddell, Roland St. J. (Eds.). (1991) [1921]. One hundred years of Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press. OCLC 473736327
  • Ng Sow Chan (1991). She is from the East (她来自东 /Ta lai zi dong). Singapore: Raffles Institution. OCLC 48176153
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