96 equal temperament

(Redirected from Sixteenth tone)

In music, 96 equal temperament, called 96-TET, 96-EDO ("Equal Division of the Octave"), or 96-ET, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 96 equal steps (equal frequency ratios). Each step represents a frequency ratio of , or 12.5 cents. Since 96 factors into 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, and 96, it contains all of those temperaments. Most humans can only hear differences of 6 cents on notes that are played sequentially, and this amount varies according to the pitch, so the use of larger divisions of octave can be considered unnecessary. Smaller differences in pitch may be considered vibrato or stylistic devices.

History and use

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96-EDO was first advocated by Julián Carrillo in 1924, with a 16th-tone piano. It was also advocated more recently by Pascale Criton and Vincent-Olivier Gagnon.[1]

Notation

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Since 96 = 24 × 4, quarter-tone notation can be used and split into four parts.

One can split it into four parts like this:

C, C, C/C , C , C , ..., C, C

As it can become confusing with so many accidentals, Julián Carrillo proposed referring to notes by step number from C (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 95, 0)

Since the 16th-tone piano has a 97-key layout arranged in 8 conventional piano "octaves", music for it is usually notated according to the key the player has to strike. While the entire range of the instrument is only C4–C5, the notation ranges from C0 to C8. Thus, written D0 corresponds to sounding C4 or note 2, and written A♭/G♯2 corresponds to sounding E4 or note 32.

Interval size

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Below are some intervals in 96-EDO and how well they approximate just intonation.

interval name size (steps) size (cents) midi just ratio just (cents) midi error (cents)
octave 96 1200 play 2:1 1200.00 play +00.00
semidiminished octave 92 1150 play 35:18 1151.23 play 01.23
supermajor seventh 91 1137.5 27:14 1137.04 play +00.46
major seventh 87 1087.5 15:80 1088.27 play 00.77
neutral seventh, major tone 84 1050 play 11:60 1049.36 play +00.64
neutral seventh, minor tone 83 1037.5 20:11 1035.00 play +02.50
large just minor seventh 81 1012.5 9:5 1017.60 play 05.10
small just minor seventh 80 1000 play 16:90 0996.09 play +03.91
harmonic seventh 78 0975 7:4 0968.83 play +06.17
supermajor sixth 75 937.5 12:7 933.13 play + 4.17
major sixth 71 0887.5 5:3 0884.36 play +03.14
neutral sixth 68 0850 play 18:11 0852.59 play 02.59
minor sixth 65 0812.5 8:5 0813.69 play 01.19
subminor sixth 61 0762.5 14:90 0764.92 play 02.42
perfect fifth 56 0700 play 3:2 0701.96 play 01.96
minor fifth 52 0650 play 16:11 0648.68 play +01.32
lesser septimal tritone 47 0587.5 7:5 0582.51 play +04.99
major fourth 44 0550 play 11:80 0551.32 play 01.32
perfect fourth 40 0500 play 4:3 0498.04 play +01.96
tridecimal major third 36 0450 play 13:10 0454.21 play 04.21
septimal major third 35 0437.5 9:7 0435.08 play +02.42
major third 31 0387.5 5:4 0386.31 play +01.19
undecimal neutral third 28 0350 play 011:9 0347.41 play +02.59
superminor third 27 0337.5 017:14 0336.13 play +01.37
77th harmonic 26 0325 play 077:64 0320.14 play +04.86
minor third 25 0312.5 6:5 0315.64 play 03.14
second septimal minor third 24 0300 play 25:21 0301.85 play 01.85
tridecimal minor third 23 0287.5 13:11 0289.21 play 01.71
augmented second, just 22 0275 play 75:64 0274.58 play +00.42
septimal minor third 21 0262.5 7:6 0266.87 play 04.37
tridecimal five-quarter tone 20 0250 play 15:13 0247.74 play +02.26
septimal whole tone 18 0225 8:7 0231.17 play 06.17
major second, major tone 16 0200 play 9:8 0203.91 play 03.91
major second, minor tone 15 0187.5 10:90 0182.40 play +05.10
neutral second, greater undecimal 13 0162.5 11:10 0165.00 play 02.50
neutral second, lesser undecimal 12 0150 play 12:11 0150.64 play 00.64
greater tridecimal 23-tone 11 0137.5 13:12 0138.57 play 01.07
septimal diatonic semitone 10 0125 play 15:14 0119.44 play +05.56
diatonic semitone, just 09 0112.5 16:15 0111.73 play +00.77
undecimal minor second 08 0100 play 128:121 0097.36 play 02.64
septimal chromatic semitone 07 087.5 21:20 0084.47 play +03.03
just chromatic semitone 06 075 play 25:24 0070.67 play +04.33
septimal minor second 05 062.5 28:27 0062.96 play 00.46
undecimal quarter-tone 04 0050 play 33:32 0053.27 play 03.27
undecimal diesis 03 0037.5 45:44 0038.91 play 01.41
septimal comma 02 0025 play 64:63 0027.26 play 02.26
septimal semicomma 01 0012.5 play 126:125 0013.79 play 01.29
unison 00 0000 play 1:1 0000.00 play +00.00

Moving from 12-EDO to 96-EDO allows the better approximation of a number of intervals, such as the minor third and major sixth.

Scale diagram

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Modes

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96-EDO contains all of the 12-EDO modes. However, it contains better approximations to some intervals (such as the minor third).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Monzo, Joe (2005). "Equal-Temperament". Tonalsoft Encyclopedia of Microtonal Music Theory. Joe Monzo. Retrieved 26 February 2019.

Further reading

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  • Sonido 13, Julián Carrillo's theory of 96-EDO