The Pomeranians (German: Pomoranen; Kashubian: Pòmòrzónie; Polish: Pomorzanie), first mentioned as such in the 10th century, were a West Slavic tribe, which from the 5th to the 6th centuries had settled at the shore of the Baltic Sea between the mouths of the Oder and Vistula Rivers (the latter Farther Pomerania and Pomerelia). They spoke the Pomeranian language that belonged to the Lechitic languages, a branch of the West Slavic language family.[2][3]
The name Pomerania has its origin in the Old Polish po more, which means "Land at the Sea".[4]
Prehistory
editFollowing the exit of the Hamburgian hunters, the area was inhabited successively by Celts and the Wielbark Culture (Germanic tribes similar to the Goths and the Rugians).[5] Groups of Slavs populated the area as a result of the Slavic migration. The Pomeranian tribes formed around the 6th century. There was also a Pomeranian culture, which was replaced by the Jastorf culture.[2]
From around the 6th century, West Slavic tribes migrated via the Vistula and Oder Rivers into the southern Baltics, where sizable settlements of Vikings and Danes and large trading centers thrived, such as Jomsburg at the mouth of the Oder and Danzig at the mouth of the Vistula and possibly Baltic settlement centres between the Parsęta and the Vistula.[6][7] According to the 12th-century Nestor Chronicle, the Pomeranians, as well as Poles, Masovians and Lusitanians originated from the tribe of the Lechites.
10th to 12th centuries
editBy 967, Duke Mieszko I had after a decisive battle against the Wolinians, led by Wichmann the Younger, and gained full control over the lands between the Vistula and the mouth of the Oder.[8][9] The earliest known documented use of the term Pomorie dates to 997 in reference to the Duke of Pomorie.[10]
The Piast dukes of Poland began to incorporate the Pomeranians into their realm and succeeded initially. In 1005, Polish Duke Bolesław I the Brave loses control over the area. In the Annales Altahenses, a Zemuzil Bomerianorum is mentioned as the first duke known by name in 1064.[11]
During the 12th century, the pagan Pomeranians faced continuous incursions by their expanding Christian neighbours of Denmark, Poland and the Saxon dukes of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1121, they were eventually subdued by Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth, who established a diocese with its seat at Kołobrzeg, where Reinbern became the first bishop. Pomerania was Christianized with the help of the German missionary Otto of Bamberg.[10]
At the same time the Pomeranian Prince Wartislaw I conquered the former Lutici lands west of the Oder. After his successors from the House of Griffins were defeated by the Saxons at the 1164 Battle of Verchen, they accepted the overlordship of Duke Henry the Lion. The Pomeranian lands were eventually divided, with the Western parts entering the Holy Roman Empire as the Duchy of Pomerania in 1181, and the Eastern part consisting of Pomerelia under the Samborides coming under the influence of Poland and, from 1309 onwards, the Teutonic Order.[12][13]
The influx of settlers from the Holy Roman Empire during the Ostsiedlung caused the Germanization of Pomerania, as many native Pomeranians were slowly and gradually assimilated and discontinued the use of their Slavic language and culture.[14]
The direct descendants of the Pomeranians include:
- Kashubians, who speak the Kashubian language[3]
- Slovincians
- Kociewiacy
- Borowiacy
- Western Pomeranians, who speak Low German or Standard German
- Eastern Pomeranians, who were expelled from Pomerania in 1945 and settled in various parts of Germany and now speak either local dialects or Standard German.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Nr katalogowy: 4 - Wojciech GERSON (1831 - 1901) - Bez ziemi. Pomorzanie wyparci przez Niemców na wyspy Bałtyku". Rempex. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- ^ a b "Pomerania - historical region, Europe". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- ^ a b Franz Tetzner (August 2012). Die Slowinzen Und Lebakaschuben. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 272–. ISBN 978-3-95507-197-4.
- ^ "Aufgaben - Pommern". Pommersches Landesmuseum. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- ^ Thomas Terberger. "Across the western Baltic" (PDF). Sydsjællands Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-11. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- ^ Johannes Hinz (1992). Pommern-Wegweiser durch ein unvergessenes Land. Kraft. ISBN 978-3-8083-1196-7.
- ^ T. D. Kendrick (1 January 2004). A History of the Vikings. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-43396-7.
- ^ Gerard Labuda. "Mieszko I - Gerard Labuda". Docer PL. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ^ Marcin Danielewski. "The realm of Mieszko I. Contribution to the study on fortified settlements". Adam Mickiewicz University. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ^ a b A. P. Vlasto; Vlasto (2 October 1970). The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs. CUP Archive. pp. 275–. ISBN 978-0-521-07459-9.
- ^ Georg Heinrich Pertz (1925). Monumenta Germaniae historica: Scriptores. Scriptores in folio. Annales aevi Suevici / ed. Georg Heinrich Pertz ... Weidmann.
- ^ Marek Smoliński. "Die Johanniter und die Eroberung Pommerellens durch den Deutschen Orden". Researchgat. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- ^ Dietrich Schäfer (1879). Die Hansestädte und König Waldemar von Dänemark: Hansische Geschichte bis 1376 - p 10 ff. Fischer.
- ^ Paweł Migdalski. "Wie die slawischen Vorfahren der Pommern zu Germanen wurden". Academia. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
External links
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