The slender-footed tyrannulet (Zimmerius gracilipes) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.[2]
| Slender-footed tyrannulet | |
|---|---|
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| Slender-footed tyrannulet (above), and ashy-headed tyrannulet (below) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | Zimmerius |
| Species: | Z. gracilipes
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| Binomial name | |
| Zimmerius gracilipes (Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1868)
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| Synonyms | |
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Taxonomy and systematics
editThe slender-footed tyrannulet was originally described as Tyranniscus gracilipes.[3]. Through much of the twentieth century it and several other tyrannulets were kept in genus Tyranniscus but a study published in 1977 erected the present genus Zimmerius for them.[4][5]
The slender-footed tyrannulet has two subspecies, the nominate Z. g. gracilipes (Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1868) and Z. g. gilvus (Zimmer, JT, 1941). What are now the red-billed tyrannulet (Z. cinereicapilla) and the Guianan tyrannulet (Z. acer) were previously treated as additional subspecies.[4][6]
Description
editThe slender-footed tyrannulet is 9 to 12 cm (3.5 to 4.7 in) long and weighs 6.6 to 9.5 g (0.23 to 0.34 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a gray forehead and crown. They have a thin whitish supercilium that starts at their lores and a dark stripe through the eye on an otherwise yellowish white face. Their back and rump are dull olive. Their wings are dusky with thin yellow edges on the coverts and inner parts of the flight feathers. Their tail is dusky olive. Their throat is yellowish white, their breast dull olive-yellow, and their belly and undertail coverts yellow. Subspecies Z. g. gilvus has brighter yellow underparts than the nominate. Adults of both subspecies have a grayish iris, a small, rounded, black bill, and dark grayish legs and feet.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
Distribution and habitat
editThe slender-footed tyrannulet is a bird of the upper Amazon Basin. The nominate subspecies is found in southeastern Venezuela's Bolívar and Amazonas states, extreme eastern Colombia between Vichada and Amazonas departments, and south through Amazonas state in northwestern Brazil and northeastern Ecuador into northeastern Peru's Department of Loreto. Subspecies Z. g. gilvus is found in western and southern Brazil from Amazonas east to the Negro and Tapajós rivers and south to Rondônia and northern Mato Grosso states, through the length of central and southeastern Peru, and in northern Bolivia.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
The slender-footed tyrannulet inhabits humid forest in the tropical to lower montane zones, where it occupies both terra firme and várzea landscapes. In unbroken forest it typically is found in the canopy and at clearings and edges. It also inhabits secondary forest and farmland adjacent to forest. In most of its range it occurs below 500 m (1,600 ft); it reaches only 300 m (1,000 ft) in Ecuador. In Venezuela it mostly occurs below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) but reaches 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It is occasionally found above 500 m (1,600 ft) in Brazil and reaches 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Peru.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
Behavior
editMovement
editThe slender-footed tyrannulet is a year-round resident throughout its range.[7]
Feeding
editThe slender-footed tyrannulet feeds insects and small fruits, especially those of mistletoes (Loranthaceae). It forages singly or in pairs and sometimes joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It feeds mostly in the forest canopy, actively moving about and gleaning food while perched or with short flight.[7][8][9][11]
Breeding
editThe slender-footed tyrannulet's breeding season has not been defined but includes June in Colombia and March in southwestern Brazil, and spans at least August to December in southeastern Peru. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.[7]
Vocalization
editThe dawn song of the slender-footed tyrannulet's nominate subspecies has been described as "a soft , querulous, semimusical 'peeu, tri-ri-ri' " and its call as "an inflected 'tuwee?' ".[9] Another author described them similarly as "a rising musical chatter" tew-tui'i'i tew-tui'i'i" and "a mewing, rising huee".[10] The dawn song of subspecies Z. g. gilvus is "an accelerating, monotone series of musical notes chew-chu-chi'chi" and its call "a liquid duit".[10]
Status
editThe IUCN has assessed the slender-footed tyrannulet as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered common in Colombia, "fairly common and widespread" in Peru, and "fairly common to common" in Venezuela.[8][9][11] Several authors note that it is probably overlooked because it is mostly in the forest canopy.[7][9][10][11] It occurs in many protected areas and "[m]uch of this species’ habitat remains in relatively pristine condition".[7]
References
edit- ^ a b BirdLife International (2024). "Slender-footed Tyrannulet Zimmerius gracilipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T22735526A264408619. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List. v 14.2. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ Sclater, P.L.; Salvin, Osbert (December 12, 1867). "List of Birds Collected at Pebas, Upper Amazons, by Mr. John Hauxwell, with Notes and Descriptions of New Species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1867. Academic Press, [etc.]: 981. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1867.tb00440.x.
- ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 28 September 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved September 29, 2024
- ^ Traylor, M. A. (1977). A classification of the tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 148:128–184.
- ^ Rheindt, F.E.; Norman, J.A.; Christidis, L. (2008). "DNA evidence shows vocalizations to be better indicator of taxonomic limits than plumage patterns in Zimmerius tyrant-flycatchers". Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. 48 (1): 150–156.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fitzpatrick, J. W., D. A. Christie, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Slender-footed Tyrannulet (Zimmerius gracilipes), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.slftyr1.01 retrieved November 12, 2024
- ^ a b c d e McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 457–458. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
- ^ a b c d e f Schulenberg, T.S.; Stotz, D.F.; Lane, D.F.; O'Neill, J.P.; Parker, T.A. III (2010). Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides (revised and updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0691130231.
- ^ a b c d e f Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela (second ed.). Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 566.
- ^ a b c van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 298–299. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.