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The northern slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) is a species of terrestrial plethodontid salamander found throughout much of the eastern two-thirds of the United States.
| Northern slimy salamander | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Plethodontidae |
| Subfamily: | Plethodontinae |
| Genus: | Plethodon |
| Species: | P. glutinosus
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| Binomial name | |
| Plethodon glutinosus (Green, 1818)
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| Synonyms | |
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Common names
editThe northern slimy salamander is called "slimy" because it produces sticky slime from glands on its lower back and tail in order to defend itself from predators.[2] It is also sometimes referred to as the viscid salamander, grey-spotted salamander, slippery salamander, or sticky salamander, depending on which source is consulted.[3]
Description
editThe northern slimy salamander is typically an overall black in color, with numerous silvery spots or gold spots across its back. It is usually 12–17 cm (4.7–6.7 in) in total length (including tail), but can grow to 20.6 cm (8.1 in).[4] Males are not easily distinguished from females, though females tend to be slightly larger.[citation needed] It has 15-17 costal grooves.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
editP. glutinosus is one of 57 species in the genus Plethodon and was one of the first of its cogeners to be described. The Northern Slimy Salamander is one of 14 species within the Plethodon glutinosus complex. Species within this complex are very similar but vary in habitat range, body size, shape, and proportions.[5]
Geographic range
editP. glutinosus is found from New York, west to Illinois, south to Mississippi, and east to Alabama, with isolated populations in southern New Hampshire and northwestern Connecticut.[6]
Habitat
editP. glutinosus is highly associated with moist undisturbed woodlands, and ravines. The salamander is typically located on the underside of debris such as logs and stones during the day. P. glutinosus will emerge from debris on moist nights.[7] They can be found in areas of secondary succession in old growth deciduous or hemlock forests with steep, rocky slopes.[8] They prefer hiding under rotten logs and in decomposed organic matter like layers of duff on the forest floor. They can typically be found near a water source or in a moist areas. The clear-cutting of forests greatly reduces population numbers in the given area, where it takes 13 years for the population to return to half of what it was before the clear-cutting.[9]
Life history and behavior
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Behavior
editAll plethodontid salamanders are territorial, and fight aggressively for territory. Their preferred habitat is in moist soil or leaf litter beneath stones, rotting logs, or other debris near a permanent water source. They sometimes make use of other animals' burrows. Their diet consists primarily of ants, beetles, sow bugs, and earthworms, but they will consume most kinds of insect.[citation needed] As their name suggests, slimy salamanders produce significant amounts of skin secretions that are highly adhesive. These adhesives bind to predators and can compromise both mastication and locomotion.[10] Whenever threatened they will thrash their tail, exposing the glands that secrete this sticky substance.[11]
Reproduction
editFemales reach sexual maturity in the second year of life and do not lay eggs until the third year.[12] Breeding of P. glutinosus takes place in the spring and is terrestrial. Courtship consists of the males performing a sort of dance to attract the females' attention. Females lay clutches of four to 12 eggs in a moist area, which she guards, often neglecting food for the period until they hatch. Hatchlings emerge from the eggs in about three months, having no aquatic stage, like many other salamander species. They instead develop directly into their entirely terrestrial adult form. After hatching, young individuals show high growth rates during the summer months and little to no growth during the winter.[13]
Diet
editNot much is known about the diet of the slimy salamanders, but it is believed that the species exhibit opportunistic feeding strategies where they consume prey that is easily accessible. One study surveyed the digestive systems of this species and found that ants, bees, wasps, beetles, sowbugs, snails, and earthworms occurred most frequently.[14][15]
References
edit- ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Plethodon glutinosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T59340A56365349. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T59340A56365349.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Amphibian Species of the World 6.0". AMNH. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- ^ "Amphibian Species of the World 6.0". AMNH. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- ^ Conant, Roger (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Plethodon glutinosus, pp. 276-277 + Plate 41 + Map 230).
- ^ Carr, David (March 1996). "Morphological Variation among Species and Populations of Salamanders in the Plethodon glutinosus Complex". Herpetologica. 52 (1): 56–65. JSTOR 3892956.
- ^ Powell, Robert; Conant, Roger; Collins, Joseph T. (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 207 figures, 47 plates. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Plethodon glutinosus, pp. 82-84 + Plate 6).
- ^ "Species Profile: Slimy Salamander (Plethodon glutinosus complex) | SREL Herpetology". srelherp.uga.edu. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
- ^ "Northern Slimy Salamander". CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
- ^ Cohn, Jeffrey P. (1994). "Salamanders Slip-Sliding Away or Too Surreptitious to Count?". BioScience. 44 (4): 219–223. doi:10.2307/1312225. ISSN 0006-3568. JSTOR 1312225.
- ^ Brodie, Edmund D.; Nowak, Robert T.; Harvey, William R. (1979-05-18). "The Effectiveness of Antipredator Secretions and Behavior of Selected Salamanders against Shrews". Copeia. 1979 (2): 270. doi:10.2307/1443413. JSTOR 1443413.
- ^ Brodie, Edmund D. (1977-08-25). "Salamander Antipredator Postures". Copeia. 1977 (3): 523–535. doi:10.2307/1443271. ISSN 0045-8511. JSTOR 1443271.
- ^ Highton, R. (1956). The life history of the slimy salamander, Plethodon glutinosus, in Florida. Copeia, 1956(2), 75-93.
- ^ Semlitsch, Raymond (March 1980). "Geographic and Local Variation in Population Parameters of the Slimy Salamander Plethodon glutinosus". Herpetologica. 36 (1): 6–16. JSTOR 3891846.
- ^ Davidson, J. A. (1956). Notes on the food habits of the slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus glutinosus. Herpetologica, 12(2), 129-131.
- ^ "Plethodon glutinosus (Northern Slimy Salamander)". Animal Diversity Web.
External links
edit- Animal Diversity Web: Plethodon glutinosus
- Amphibian Species of the World: Plethodon glutinosus
- Caudata Culture Species Entry: Plethodon Complex
Further reading
edit- Behler, John L.; King, F. Wayne (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp., 657 color plates. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Plethodon glutinosus, pp. 340–341 + Plates 140, 141).
- Green, Jacob (1818). "Descriptions of several species of North American AMPHIBIA, accompanied with observations". J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 348-359. (Salamandra glutinosa, new species, p. 357). (in English and Latin).
- Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide. Revised Edition. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (Plethodon glutinosus, pp. 147, 157).