The smiley face murder theory (also known as the smiley face murders, smiley face killings, and smiley face gang) is a theory advanced by retired New York City detectives Kevin Gannon and Anthony Duarte, as well as Dr. Lee Gilbertson, a criminal justice professor and gang expert at St. Cloud State University.[1] It alleges that 45 young men found dead in bodies of water across several Midwestern American states from the late 1990s to the 2010s[2] did not accidentally drown, as concluded by law enforcement agencies, but were victims of one or multiple serial killers.
The term "smiley face" became connected to the alleged murders when it was made public that the police had discovered graffiti depicting a smiley face near locations where they think the killer dumped the bodies in at least a dozen of the cases. Gannon wrote a textbook case study on the subject titled "Case Studies in Drowning Forensics."[3][4] The response of law enforcement investigators and other experts has been largely skeptical.
Gannon and Duarte's investigation
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As recently as 2017, Gannon and Duarte were examining evidence going back to the late 1990s that they believe connects the deaths of 45 college-age males whose dead bodies were found in water in 11 states,[5] often after leaving parties or bars where they had been drinking. The men, according to the former detectives, often fit a profile of being popular, athletic, and successful students and most were white.[6]
Gannon and Duarte have theorized that the young men were all murdered, either by an individual or by an organized group of killers.[6][7] The term "smiley face" became connected to the alleged murders when it was made public that Gannon and Duarte had discovered graffiti depicting a smiley face near locations where they think the killer had dumped the bodies in at least a dozen of the cases.[4] Furthermore, Gannon and Gilbertson claim to have found other types of graffiti symbols associated with the suspicious deaths, but have not disseminated these other images outside a few trusted law enforcement contacts for fear of inspiring copycat graffiti or alerting suspects.[8]
Reception of the theory
editOther police forces that have investigated the deaths dispute the conclusion that the cases are linked. Police departments that are involved do not currently view the deaths associated with smiley faces present at the scenes as serial-killer activity.[9] The La Crosse, Wisconsin police department, which was in charge of eight of the investigations, concluded that the deaths were accidental drownings of inebriated men and stated that no smiley-face symbols were found in connection with any of the cases.[10] The Center for Homicide Research published a research brief that also attempted to scientifically refute the theory.[11] In March 2009, Lee Gilbertson, a criminal justice faculty member at St. Cloud State University, voiced his support for the theory on an episode of Larry King Live in which the alleged murders were discussed.[12]
Criminal profiler Pat Brown calls the serial-killer theory "ludicrous," arguing that the evidence does not fit what is known about serial killers. Brown also believes that the smiley-face images found in some of the cases are likely nothing more than coincidences based upon guesses as to where the bodies entered the water, with smiley-face graffiti only found after a wide-area search. "It's not an unusual symbol," she told Minneapolis-based newspaper City Pages. "If you look in any area five miles square, I bet you could find a smiley face."[13] Gilbertson and Gannon have disputed the idea that smiley-face graffiti is commonplace, saying they examined many areas nationwide that were and were not associated with suspicious deaths and rarely found smiley-face images.[8]
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) issued the following statement:
The FBI has reviewed the information about the victims provided by two retired police detectives, who have dubbed these incidents the "Smiley Face Murders," and interviewed an individual who provided information to the detectives. To date, we have not developed any evidence to support links between these tragic deaths or any evidence substantiating the theory that these deaths are the work of a serial killer or killers. The vast majority of these instances appear to be alcohol-related drownings. The FBI will continue to work with the local police in the affected areas to provide support as requested.
— FBI National Press Office, FBI Statement Regarding Midwest River Deaths (April 29, 2008)[14]
Ruben Rosario of the St. Paul Pioneer Press has questioned Gannon's motives, stating that Gannon has failed to provide any factual evidence that a group of killers exists. Rosario noted that Kristi Piehl, the original reporter on the theory, and some of the parents of the deceased have since expressed skepticism despite initially supporting the idea. Another parent, Kathy Geib, is working with Piehl and others, but their main goal is to convince police to take a second look at cases of alcohol-related drownings.[15]
In popular culture
edit- Gannon and Duarte's investigation is the subject of a 2019 docuseries, Smiley Face Killers: The Hunt For Justice, which aired on the Oxygen television network.[16][17] Produced by Alison Dammann, the six episodes focus on cases of young men who have disappeared and whose bodies are found in a body of water some time later.[9]
- British detective show Scott & Bailey had a series of episodes based on the deaths and ensuing theory.
- The 2017 novel Ill Will by Dan Chaon features a series of mysterious deaths involving drunk young white men whose bodies are found at the bottom of creeks and rivers.[18]
- An episode of documentary series Breaking Homicide referenced the theory.
- The 2020 film Smiley Face Killers, directed by Tim Hunter and written by Bret Easton Ellis, is loosely inspired by the theory.
See also
edit- Brian Shaffer; considered a possible victim of the killers.[19]
- Luke Helder; the "Midwest Pipe Bomber" who planted pipe bombs across the United States in the shape of a gigantic smiley face.
- Brandon Swanson; he also disappeared after a student party.
- Manchester Pusher, similar alleged serial killer in the United Kingdom
General:
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Nolasco, Stephanie (18 January 2019). "'Smiley Face Killers' gang was behind young men's drownings, former NYPD detectives claim in new doc". Fox News.
- ^ "The 'Smiley Face Killer' Theory That Connects 40 College Students' Deaths". Thought Catalog. 31 March 2015.
- ^ "Fourteen Dead Men: Link or No Link?". Psychology Today.
- ^ a b Egan, Nicole Weisensee (January 18, 2019). "Is a Serial-Killer Gang Murdering Young Men Across the U.S.?". The Daily Beast – via www.thedailybeast.com.
- ^ Gannon, Kevin; Piehl, Kristi; Piehowski, Justin (2008-04-25). "The Investigation". Gannon interview (extended coverage). KSTP. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
- ^ a b "Smiley face killers may be stalking college men", CNN, May 21, 2008.
- ^ "Detectives: 40 Drowning Victims May Have Been Murdered by 'Smiley Face Gang'", Fox News, April 29, 2008.
- ^ a b Forletta Investigates podcast (Feb 16, 2021). (The Smiley Face Killers with Detective Kevin Gannon and Dr. Lee Gilbertson. Accessed 11 July 2024
- ^ a b "Why The Smiley Face Killer Has Been One Of The Internet's Favorite Monsters For A Decade". ati. 28 June 2018.
- ^ "media.graytvinc.com" (PDF).
- ^ Drake, et al. "Drowning the Smiley Face Murder Theory" Center for Homicide Research. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ^ Larry King Live March 26, 2009. CNN Transcripts. Retrieved on August 25, 2009.
- ^ Smith, Matt. "Minneapolis/st. Paul – City Pages – The Blotter – Criminal Profiler Debunks "Smiley Face Killers"". Blogs.citypages.com. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ "FBI Statement Regarding Midwest River Deaths" (Press release). fbi.gov.
- ^ Rosario, Ruben (March 6, 2010), Column: 'Smiley-face killer' theory losing steam: Detective claimed to have big break, delivered little, Pioneer Press
- ^ Egan, Nicole Weisensee (2019-01-18). "Is a Serial-Killer Gang Murdering Young Men Across the U.S.?". Retrieved 2019-01-18.
- ^ "New TV series to highlight 'Smiley Face Killers' theory about drownings". Fox 9. 17 January 2019.
- ^ "Book Review: 'Ill Will,' By Dan Chaon : NPR". NPR. March 22, 2017.
- ^ Johnston, April (April 2009). "In the Name of the Father". Columbus Monthly. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
Bibliography
edit- Eponymous Rox (2012). The Case of the Drowning Men: Investigating the Smiley Face Serial Murder Theory. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-4382-2380-3.
- Kevin Gannon; D. Lee Gilbertson (2014). Case Studies in Drowning Forensics. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-7664-0.
External links
edit- Nationwide Investigations – Gannon and Duarte's official web site