The order Symphypleona, also known as the globular springtails, is one of the three main groups of springtails (Collembola), tiny hexapods related to insects. When the springtails were still believed to be an order of insects, the Symphypleona were ranked as a suborder.
| Symphypleona | |
|---|---|
| |
| Allacma fusca from forest near Cologne, Germany | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Collembola |
| Order: | Symphypleona |
| Superfamilies | |
|
Dicyrtomoidea | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Neopleona | |
They can be best distinguished from the other springtail groups by their body shape. The Symphypleona are very round animals, almost spherical, and usually have long antennae. The Poduromorpha, by contrast, always have short legs and a plump body, but more oval in shape than the Symphypleona. The Entomobryomorpha are the slimmest springtails, some with long and some with short legs and antennae, but always with a very slender body.
Systematics
editThe Symphypleona order was previously suggested to also contain family Neelidae, as a very apomorphic relative in the Sminthuridae superfamily.[citation needed] Phylogenetic studies however suggest Neelidae to be the only family of Neelipleona order.[1][2][3][4]
Families
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The following is a list of the families within Symphypleona, grouped by superfamily. It includes extinct families known only from fossil remains.
- Superfamily Sminthuridoidea
- Family Mackenziellidae
- Family Sminthurididae
- Superfamily Katiannoidea
- Family Katiannidae
- Family Spinothecidae
- Family Arrhopalitidae
- Family Collophoridae
- Superfamily Sturmioidea
- Family Sturmiidae
- Superfamily Sminthuroidea
- Family Sminthuridae
- Family Bourletiellidae
- Superfamily Dicyrtomoidea
- Family Dicyrtomidae
References
edit- ^ Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun & Luan, Yun-Xia (2008): Phylogenetic Relationships of Basal Hexapods Reconstructed from Nearly Complete 18S and 28S rRNA Gene Sequences. Zool. Sci. 25(11): 1139-1145. doi:10.2108/zsj.25.1139 PMID 19267625 (HTML abstract)
- ^ Xiong, Y; Gao, Y; Yin, W; Luan, Y (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of Collembola inferred from ribosomal RNA genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (3): 728–735. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.007. ISSN 1055-7903.
- ^ Leo, Chiara; Carapelli, Antonio; Cicconardi, Francesco; Frati, Francesco; Nardi, Francesco (2019). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Collembola: Phylogeny, Dating and Gene Order". Diversity. 11 (9): 169. doi:10.3390/d11090169. hdl:11365/1079696. ISSN 1424-2818.
- ^ Sun, Xin; Ding, Yinhuan; Orr, Michael C.; Zhang, Feng (2020). "Streamlining universal single‐copy orthologue and ultraconserved element design: A case study in Collembola". Molecular Ecology Resources. 20 (3). doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13146. ISSN 1755-098X.
External links
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Media related to Symphypleona at Wikimedia Commons
