Health in Israel is generally considered good.[according to whom?]
Infant mortality is low. The life expectancy, 82.1 years is high. There is good management of chronic diseases and excellent primary care. Expenditure on healthcare is 7.2% of Gross Domestic Product, compared with an average of 9.2% in the OECD.
In 2003, Israel had the second highest rate of skin cancer in the world,[1] However, this has decreased substantially since then due to public health campaigns recommending avoiding the hottest time of day, discouraging sun-bathing and using sun protection such as greater clothing coverage and sunscreen.[2]
Hereditary breast, ovarian and melanoma cancer rates are particularly acute in Ashkenazi Jewish populations in Israel[3] (31.8% of Israeli Jews), in-part due to a higher-prevalence of BRCA and BRCA2 mutations (1 in 40 vs 1 in 400 in most populations worldwide) in Ashkenazi Jewish populations,[4] which increase the likelihood of hereditary cancers.
Overweight and obesity
editIn 2013-2015 adult overweight & obesity rates in Israel were 36.7% and 17.8% respectively.[5] Socioeconomic status was one factor that impacted overweight and obesity percentages, particularly for women. Women in lower classes were four times as likely to be overweight or obese as women in upper classes. Only 20.2% of the entire population reported that they exercised for twenty minutes or more three times a week.[6]
The frequency of exercise among the Jewish Israeli population was twice as high as that for the Arab population. Men and women of Arab descent are more likely to be of an unhealthy weight than Jewish men and women.[6] Obesity is also far more common among Haredi Jews than secular Jews.[7]
Smoking
editSmoking prevalence among males remained relatively constant at 30% in the years 1994–2004.[8] Among females, the prevalence declined slightly from 25% in 1998 to 18% in 2003.[8] For youth, 14% smoked at least once per week in a 2001 publication.[9]
In 2005, Israeli youths have begun to use bidis and hookah, as alternative methods of tobacco use.[8] In 1990, smoking was the cause of about 1,800 male deaths in Israel which was around 12% of all male deaths.[10] Smoking has not been found to be a significant cause of death among Israeli women.[10] The average number of cigarettes smoked per Israeli stands at 2162 (6).[8]
There are several anti-tobacco use legislations in effect. For instance, advertising is prohibited in youth publications and is forbidden on television and radio.[10] in addition to substantial increases in tobacco taxes, although comparatively the prices are still among the lowest compared to all of the European countries.[10] Until 2004, there was no minimum age requirement for buying tobacco products in Israel,[11] however, an amendment to the tobacco marketing and advertisement law that became effective in 2004 has limited the sale of tobacco to people above the age of 18.[12]
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the smoking rate in the Israeli adult population in 2009 was 20.9%, down from 34% in 2000.[13] A Ministry of Health nationwide survey conducted in 2011 found that 20.6% of the population aged 21 and older were smokers.[14] The highest percentage of smokers was among Arab males, 44% of whom smoked, though this figure is down from 50% in 1996.
In 2014, 19.8% of adult Israelis smoked, 26.3% in the Arab population and 18.4% in the Jewish population. 35% of non-smoking respondents to the World Health Survey reported that they had been exposed to passive smoking. Smoking is responsible for about 8,000 deaths in Israel every year, of which about 700 among passive smokers. The cost of the damage caused by smoking to the health system is estimated at NIS 1.7 billion (about $440 million) a year. The annual loss of working capacity and paid sick days in the wider economy is estimated at NIS 1.9 billion ($490 million). About NIS 8.2 billion ($2.12 billion) is spent on tobacco products each year. 40 tons of tobacco worth some NIS 24 million ($6.2 million) and about 1.3 million cigarette packs were intercepted at the border crossing between Israel and the Palestinian Authority in 2014.[15]
Climate change
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ Britnell, Mark (2015). In Search of the Perfect Health System. London: Palgrave. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-137-49661-4.
- ^ Foundation, Richard David Kann Melanoma (2019-07-19). "Why Israel's skin cancer rates are dropping | RDK Melanoma Foundation". melanomafoundation.com. Retrieved 2022-04-18.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "The 3 cancers Jews need to worry about most - and how to reduce the risks". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
- ^ "Jewish Women and BRCA Gene Mutations | Bring Your Brave | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
- ^ https://www.health.gov.il/PublicationsFiles/INHIS_3.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ a b Kaluski, D. Nitzan; Berry, E. M. (2005). "Prevalence of Obesity in Israel". Obesity Reviews. 6 (2): 115–116. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2005.00168.x. PMID 15836461. S2CID 42843388.
- ^ Galahar, Ari (2011-01-09). "'Haredi sector suffers from obesity'". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ a b c d Baron-Epel O. Haviv-Messika A. Tamir D. Nitzan-Kaluski D. Green M. Multiethnic differences in smoking in Israel: pooled analysis from three national surveys. European Journal of Public Health. 14(4):384-9, 2004 Dec.
- ^ Meijer B. Branski D. Kerem E. Ethnic differences in cigarette smoking among adolescents: a comparison of Jews and Arabs in Jerusalem. Israel Medical Association Journal: Imaj. 3(7):504-7, 2001 Jul.
- ^ a b c d Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), accessed July 13, 2005 (site now down)
- ^ WHO European Country Profiles on Tobacco Control 2003 Archived 2004-06-27 at the Wayback Machine, World Health Organization, accessed November 24, 2005
- ^ [1] Archived 2014-05-31 at the Wayback Machine Israeli Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- ^ "Israeli smoking rate for 2009 down to 20.9%". 20 July 2010.
- ^ "A Record Number of Non-Smokers". Walla (in Hebrew). 31 May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
- ^ "8,000 Israelis die of smoking every year". Ynet News. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d Linares, Cristina; Díaz, Julio; Negev, Maya; Martínez, Gerardo Sánchez; Debono, Roberto; Paz, Shlomit (2020-03-01). "Impacts of climate change on the public health of the Mediterranean Basin population - Current situation, projections, preparedness and adaptation". Environmental Research. 182: 109107. Bibcode:2020ER....182j9107L. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.109107. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 32069750. S2CID 211192333.
- ^ Green, Manfred S.; Pri-or, Noemie Groag; Capeluto, Guedi; Epstein, Yoram; Paz, Shlomit (2013-06-27). "Climate change and health in Israel: adaptation policies for extreme weather events". Israel Journal of Health Policy Research. 2 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/2045-4015-2-23. ISSN 2045-4015. PMC 3707789. PMID 23805950.
- ^ Berman, Tamar; Goldsmith, Rebecca; Levine, Hagai; Grotto, Itamar (March 2017). "Human biomonitoring in Israel: Recent results and lessons learned". International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 220 (2): 6–12. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.008. ISSN 1438-4639. PMID 27663636.