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Circaetinae is a subfamily of the family Accipitridae which contains a group of medium to large broad-winged birds of prey.[1][2] The group is sometimes treated as tribe Circaetini.[3][4] These birds mainly specialise in feeding on snakes and other reptiles, which is the reason most are referred to as "snake-eagles" or "serpent-eagles". The exceptions are the bateleur, a more generalised hunter, and the Philippine eagle, which preys on mammals and birds.
| Snake eagles | |
|---|---|
| |
| Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Accipitriformes |
| Family: | Accipitridae |
| Subfamily: | Circaetinae Blyth, 1851 |
| Type genus | |
| Circaetus Vieillot, 1816
| |
| Genera | |
|
See text. | |
All but one of the subfamily are restricted to warmer parts of the Old World: Spilornis and Pithecophaga in south Asia, the others in Africa. The short-toed eagle Circaetus gallicus migrates between temperate Eurasia and Africa, as well as being resident in India.
They have hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs and powerful talons. They also have extremely keen eyesight to enable them to spot potential prey from a distance.
Taxonomy
editThe subfamily Circaetinae was introduced in 1851 by the English zoologist Edward Blyth with Circaetus as the type genus.[5][6]
The genus level cladogram of the Circaetinae shown below is based on a molecular phylogenetic study of the Accipitridae by Therese Catanach and collaborators that was published in 2024.[7]
| Circaetinae |
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The following taxonomy is based on the International Ornithological Congress.[8]
| Image | Genus | Living Species |
|---|---|---|
|
Spilornis G.R. Gray, 1840 |
|
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Pithecophaga Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 |
|
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Circaetus Vieillot, 1816 |
|
 |
Dryotriorchis Shelley, 1874 |
|
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Terathopius Lesson, 1830 |
|
 |
Eutriorchis Sharpe, 1875[note 1] |
|
Notes
edit- ^ Eutriorchis is genetically related to Gypaetus, and so might be classified with the Gypaetinae rather than Circaetinae. Lerner, Heather R. L.; Mindell, David P. (9 May 2006). "Accipitridae". The Tree of Life Web Project.
References
edit- ^ Lerner, Heather R.L.; Mindell, David P. (2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 327–346. Bibcode:2005MolPE..37..327L. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. PMID 15925523.
- ^ Mindell, David P.; Fuchs, Jérôme; Johnson, Jeff A. (2018). "Phylogeny, taxonomy, and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes". Birds of Prey. pp. 3–32. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73745-4_1. ISBN 978-3-319-73744-7.
- ^ Edward C., Dickinson; Remsen Jr., James V., eds. (2013). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Aves Press.
- ^ "ACCIPITRIDAE - Kites, Hawks and Eagles". Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
- ^ Blyth, Edward (1851). "Conspectus of the ornithology of India, Burma, and the Malayan Peninsular, inclusiveof Sindh, Asám, Ceylon, and the Nicobar Islands". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 19: 317–342 [317, 327].
- ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. p. 132.
- ^ Catanach, T.A.; Halley, M.R.; Pirro, S. (2024). "Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus Accipiter (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae)" (PDF). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society: blae028. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blae028.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
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