The Shakai Taishūtō (社会大衆党, Socialist Mass[es] Party or Social Mass[es] Party) was a moderate leftist political party in early Shōwa period Empire of Japan.
Shakai Taishūtō 社会大衆党 | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Abe Isoo |
| Founded | July 24, 1932 |
| Dissolved | July 6, 1940 |
| Merger of | Social Democratic Party National Masses Party National Labour-Farmer Party New Labour-Farmer Party |
| Merged into | Imperial Rule Assistance Association |
| Headquarters | Tokyo City |
| Ideology | Social democracy[1] Anti-capitalism[1] Anti-communism[1] Until 1938: Anti-fascism[1] After 1938: Shōwa Statism[1] Totalitarianism[1] |
| Political position | Centre-left to left-wing After 1938: Far-right |
The Shakai Taishūtō was founded by Abe Isoo in July 1932, as a merger of the Shakai Minshūtō (Socialist Mass Party) with the Zenkoku Rōnō Taishūtō (National Labour-Farmer Mass Party).[2] In a period of increasing extremism in politics, the new party attempted to maintain a middle-of-the road approach which inevitably resulted in a confused policy.
On one hand, the Shakai Taishūtō supported agrarian reform and pushed for improvement in the lot of the farmers by cutting the military budget; on the other hand, it cultivated ties with the Tōseiha political faction within the Imperial Japanese Army, and supported Japanese aggression in Manchuria. The Shakai Taishūtō advocated increased international cooperation and opposed Japan's withdraw from the League of Nations, but at the same time supported the invasion of China in 1937.
It was the only leftist party allowed to function in the 1930s, and it emerged as the third-largest party in the Lower House of the Diet of Japan, with 36 seats after the 1937 General Election. The party received support from a wide cross-section of the electorate, including middle class shop owners resentful of the zaibatsu, salaried-workers, and some minor bureaucrats.[3] However, the basic split within the Shakai Taishūtō internally between supporters of social democracy versus fascism came to a head after the vote to expel Saitō Takao from the Diet arose after he sharply criticized the conduct of the Imperial Japanese Army and its actions on the Asian mainland. Members of the party who had abstained from the motion to purge Saitō were expelled for "unpatriotic sentiments", causing chairman Abe Isoo to resign as well.[4] The remainder of the party grew increasingly nationalistic and militaristic, and was absorbed into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association in 1940.[5]
Election results
edit| Election | Votes | % | Seats | Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1936 | 518,844 | 4.66 | 18 / 466 |
|
| 1937 | 928,934 | 9.10 | 37 / 466 |
 19
|
References
edit- Scalapino, Robert (1962). Democracy and the Party in Prewar Japan. University of California Press. ASIN B0007FP0H6.
- Large, Stephen S. (2010). Organized Workers and Socialist Politics in Interwar Japan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521136310.
- Sims, Richard (2019). Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000. University of California Press. ISBN 9781349632404.
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Yoshimi, Yoshiaki. "社会大衆党(しゃかいたいしゅうとう)とは". kotobank.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved February 15, 2020. (from Encyclopedia Nipponica)
- ^ Scalapino. Democracy and the Party in Prewar Japan. page 374.
- ^ Large. Organized Workers and Socialist Politics in Interwar Japan. Page 200.
- ^ Large. Organized Workers and Socialist Politics in Interwar Japan. Page 220.
- ^ Sims. Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation. Page 216.