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Social issues in Brazil

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Brazil ranks 49.3 in the Gini coefficient index, with the richest 10% of Brazilians earning 43% of the nation's income, the poorest 34% earn less than 1.2%.[1]

Precarious houses in the favela of Complexo do Alemão in Rio de Janeiro.

According to PNUD, in 1991, 99.2% of the municipalities had a low/very low HDI; but this number has fallen to 25.2% in 2010. On the other hand, the number of municipalities with high/very high HDI jumped from 0.2% in 1991 to 34.7% in 2010.[2] In 2012, the Brazilian HDI was 0.730, ranking 83rd worldwide and considered high.

Poverty and income concentration

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Further information: Income inequality in Brazil and List of Brazilian states by poverty rate
 
Favela in Teresina.
 
Favela in Porto Alegre.
 
São Sebastião, poor town in the Federal District.

Poverty in Brazil is most visually represented by the favelas, slums in the country's metropolitan areas and remote upcountry regions that suffer with economic underdevelopment and below-par standards of living. In Rio de Janeiro, about a fifth of its population of six million live in several hundred favelas, situated on steep, neglected land largely beyond the control and services of city authorities.[3] An attempt to mitigate these problems is the "Fome Zero" program launched by then-President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2003. Part of this is "Bolsa Família",[4] a cash transfer program that gives money to impoverished families under the condition that they keep their kids vaccinated and in school.

The Lula administration (2003–2011) reduced 9.8% the rate of poverty based on labor income during June 2002 and June 2006 according to Fundação Getúlio Vargas. In June 2006, the rate of extreme poverty was 18.57% of the population.[5]

The rate of poverty is in part attributed to the country's economic inequality. Brazil ranks among the world's highest nations in the Gini coefficient index of inequality assessment. A study on the subject [6] shows that the poor segment constitutes roughly one third of the population, and the extremely poor make out 13% (2005 figures). However, the same study shows the income growth of the poorest 20% population segment to be almost in par with China, while the richest 10% are stagnating.

Along with the problem of poverty, Brazil is among the ten most unequal countries in the world, according to the Institute of Applied Economic Research (Ipea) of Brazil. Brazil has 0.539 by the Gini index, based on 2018 data. It is among the ten most unequal countries in the world, being the only Latin American in the list where Africans appear. Brazil is more unequal than Botswana, with 0.533 according to the Gini index, a small country neighboring South Africa with just over two million inhabitants. [7]

When the range is expanded from 1% to the richest 10% of Brazilians, the participation in the country's income rises to 41.9% of the total. In other words, the other 90% of the population earn less than 60% of the total income, just to show such a disparity. [7]

The Brazilian federal government has also implemented and expanded in the last years major subsidy programs, such as Bolsa Família and Fome Zero, for families deemed to be in need of assistance. [8]

In recent years, the situation of poverty in Brazil has once again become a relevant social problem, even with the existence of government social programs that seek to address it. Food insecurity has worsened in Brazil, and hunger is even more present in the lives of Brazilians in 2022. According to data from the new National Survey on Food Insecurity in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Brazil, only 4 out of 10 families can access full access to food in the country. Hunger already affects 33.1 million people. The North and Northeast of Brazil are the most affected regions. Hunger in Brazil has returned to the level of the 1990s and women and black people are the ones who suffer the most. [9]

Crime in Brazil

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Main articles: Crime in Brazil and Law enforcement in Brazil
 
The scene of a murder in Rio de Janeiro.

Brazil has serious problems with crime. With roughly 23.8 homicides per 100,000 residents,[10] muggings, robberies, kidnappings[11] and gang violence[12] are common. Police brutality and corruption are widespread.[13][14] In response, the Brazilian government established the National Public Security Force (FNSP) in June 2004 by the Ministry of Justice, to act in situations of emergency, in times of crisis.

More than 800,000 people were murdered in Brazil between 1980 and 2004.[15] There were a total of 63,880 murders in Brazil in 2018.[16]

The data show that the country had 41,069 murders in 2021, the lowest number in the entire historical series, which started in 2007, there were 3,049 fewer deaths compared to 2020, a drop of 7%, 21 states in the country had a reduction in murders in the year the biggest drop was registered in the state of Acre, with less than 38% in the number of homicides. About 6 states of the federation had an increase in violent deaths - 4 of them are in the North region. the North was the only region of the country that recorded a rise in murders, with 10% the highest increase was registered in Amazonas, with 54%. [17]

Specialists from the Center for the Study of Violence at the University of São Paulo and the Brazilian Public Security Forum list some points to explain the numbers: Greater organization of criminal groups that sell drugs, thus promoting the reduction of violent crimes; Greater government control and influence over criminals; Settlement of conflicts between factions; Creation of public policy programs focused on combating specific crimes; Reduction in the number of young people in the population; Creation of a federal public security system, changes in the rules for transferring public funds, [17]

Even so, a series of problems persist in the country related to the excessive bureaucracy of the justice system,[18] with successive increases in public investment in security forces,[19] but with a lack of organization in the direction of these investments (management and control[20]), especially with a lack of investment in the area of intelligence[21] and also with a lack of investment in crime prevention.[22] Still, Brazil needs improvements in the professionalization and organization of the public security system,[23] from investigation to prosecution. penal law, as well as the country's own ability to effectively promote penalization in an effective way.[24][25][26]

Several penal reforms have been carried out year after year,[27] since the country's redemocratization (1985), with the objective of promoting the decriminalization and reintegration of prisoners into society,[28] however, in part due to the seriousness of Brazil's social problems and the low effectiveness of the justice system,[29] only the most visible and violent behaviors are punished, especially among the poorest.[30][31] The punishment of white collar crimes is the exception,[32][33] usually occurring in high profile cases.[34]

Education

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Main article: Education in Brazil
 
Students in a public school in Belo Horizonte
 
A public school in São Paulo

Public education in Brazil is free at all levels.[35] Primary education is compulsory as per the article 208 of the Brazilian Constitution.

Most primary schools are constitutionally maintained either by municipalities or the states. Both entities are obliged to apply at least 25% of their budgets in education. Since economic disparities exist between states, richer states and cities have more money to deliver quality education, whereas in the poorer cities and States the education will be generally of lower standards.

School non-attendance by absence and malnutrition is one of the biggest educational problems in Brazil. Work under the age of 16 is forbidden by law, however Brazil has many cases of child labor. Children from large poor families start working from the age of 10 in order to help their parents, despite the law of compulsory education between the ages of 10 and 14. Other reasons for school non-attendance are the lack of sufficient school places and the high examination failure rate. Malnutrition also materially affects the intellectual development of children.

The standards of primary and secondary public education have been falling over the past decades. Since the country invested little in education, public education's standards dropped and the middle class moved their children to private schools. Nowadays, practically all the middle class sends their children to private schools. Costs may vary from as little as R$600 (US$240) p.a. in smaller cities to R$30,000 (US$17,000) p.a.[36] in São Paulo or Rio de Janeiro.

The situation has been improving over the past few years thanks to two official projects: Bolsa Escola, by which parents who keep their children in school and with good health receive a small allowance, and FUNDEF, by which municipalities receive federal funds in accordance to the number of children enrolled. Bolsa Escola was a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program that offered mothers in poor households a monthly stipend if their children ages 6 to 15 attended school on a regular basis. The program was implemented across all of Brazil between the years 2001 and 2003, until it was folded into the broader Bolsa Família program.

Brazil is participating of the One Laptop Per Child project,[37] aiming at providing low cost laptops to poor children in developing countries, but the program is moving slowly.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[38] finds that Brazil is doing 86.8% of what should be possible at its level of income for the right to education.[39]

Infant mortality

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Main article: Health in Brazil

Table 1. Infant Mortality Rates by Regions of Brazil (per 1,000 live births)

Regions 1970 1980 1991 2000
North 180.07 135.12 48.93 41.14
Northeast 111.71 71.01 74.35 64.25
Southeast 97.34 61.08 34.42 27.46
South 80.95 51.69 28.93 23.59
Center West 92.22 59.59 38.60 31.00
Brazil 123.55 85.30 49.45 34.08

Source: Fundação IBGE, Census of Population, 1991 and 2000.

Housing

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Rapid urbanisation and population growth have caused many problems in developing cities. As cities grow too rapidly, resources are not able to keep up with the swelling population. Housing is one of the major problems many developing cities are facing today. Migrants who cannot afford proper housing are forced to build temporary housing without proper utilities. These settlements are known as favelas. With a population of 12.7 million people, Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil.[40] With a combination of push and pull factors, urban migration to Rio account for over 65% of population growth. This has led to a serious shortage of proper housing.

Brazil's housing deficit is around 7 million units. "Housing deficit" here refers to the number of shelters which do not have adequate conditions to be habitable, plus the number of housing units that need to be built to shelter all families who currently lack one and, as a result, share a shelter with another household in over crowded conditions.[41]

 
Distribution of wealth in Brazil (2017)

Many city dwellers build their own houses in shanty towns with scrap materials such as iron sheets and wood. Basic sanitation, water, electricity and sewage system may not be available, thereby leading to a spread of diseases. Such units are also overpopulated and located in areas not fit for residential use (such as flood zones, areas subject to land slides, public rights-of-ways, etc.) and need to be replaced or evicted. The favelas are not built according to any laws or safety regulations, and thus residents are constantly at risk of being killed in landslides or fires.[42]

As it stands, it has been identified that 84% of the housing deficit in Brazil is concentrated on families earning less than three times the minimum wage (a minimum wage is around $360 per month).[43] Caught in the poverty cycle, families' incomes are structurally limited and as a result they are unable afford proper housing.

An example of one such favela in Brazil is Rocinha. Rocinha is one of the largest favelas in Brazil. Located in the southern area of Rio de Janeiro, it is built on a steep hillside overlooking the city. Although official datasets are hard to obtain, it is believed that over 150,000 people reside there.[44]

This rapid rate of illegal occupation of urban land has led to serious problems not only for the residents, but also for the entire city at large as well as the city's landscape and the natural environment of the surrounding areas.[45]

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[46] finds that Brazil is doing 89.1% of what should be possible at its level of income for the right to housing.[47]

Squatting

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This section is an excerpt from Squatting in Brazil.[edit]
 
Brazil on globe
Squatting in Brazil is the occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. After attempting to eradicate slums in the 1960s and 1970s, local governments transitioned to a policy of toleration. Cities such as Recife, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo have large informal settlements known as favelas. A more recent phenomenon is the occupation of buildings in city centres by organised groups. In rural areas across the country, the Landless Workers' Movement (MST) arranges large land occupations.

Sanitation

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The lack of basic sanitation is a reality in many homes in Brazil. According to data carried out by the National Basic Sanitation Survey and the Sanitation Supplement of the Municipal Basic Information Survey, in 2017, about 39.7% of Brazilian municipalities did not have sanitary sewage service. [48]

Without the proper collection of dirty water and the guarantee of receiving clean piped water, diseases proliferate.In this case, regional disparities are evident. While in the Southeast region, 91% of the homes are connected to the sewage network, in the North region, only 7.1% of the homes have this service. [48]

Health

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The Unified Health System (SUS), created in 1988, aims to serve the entire population free of charge. Unfortunately, this is not always possible, and many hospitals are overcrowded, without adequate equipment and professionals in sufficient numbers to attend to them. To get an idea, the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (SBP) recommends 4 beds for every thousand live births. However, in the Brazilian public system, this number is 1.5 beds. [48]

Among the main problems, the following stand out: 1. Staff of unqualified professionals; 2. Lack of doctors; 3. Long waiting time to receive treatment; 4. Poor management of time used in health activities; 5. Lack of beds in the health system; 6. Financial mismanagement; 7. Little humanized service; 8. Scarce emergency care; 9. High number of deaths; 10. Pandemic as an accelerating factor for public health problems (Hospital overcrowding; Outdated infrastructure).[49]

Environmental problems

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Most Brazilian municipalities face environmental problems, and among the main ones are fires, deforestation and silting of rivers. There are several environmental problems on the planet. Problems such as atmospheric pollution, water pollution, fires and deforestation are increasingly frequent and affect the quality of life of humans and also other species. Brazil, like any country in the world, faces threats to the environment. According to a survey carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), 90% of Brazilian municipalities have environmental problems, and among the most reported are fires, deforestation and silting.[50]

Fires are generally used to clear a certain area, renew pastures and facilitate the harvesting of products such as sugarcane. This practice can be harmful to the ecosystem, as it increases the risks of erosion, kills microorganisms that live in the soil, removes nutrients and causes atmospheric pollution. [50]

Deforestation happens for several reasons. Among them, we can mention the expansion of agriculture, extraction of wood for commercial use, creation of hydroelectric plants, mining and expansion of cities. Deforestation harms the ecosystem in different ways, causing erosion, worsening desertification processes, changes in rainfall, reduced biodiversity, silting of rivers, etc. [50]

The Sedimentation occurs with the accumulation of sediments in aquatic environments. Its impacts on the environment are large, such as obstruction of water courses, destruction of aquatic habitats, damage to water intended for consumption and transmission of pollutants. [50]

Although these are the most reported, it does not mean that they are the only environmental problems faced in our country. We can also cite as threats to the environment: water pollution, which causes diseases and damage to the supply, atmospheric pollution, responsible for a high incidence of respiratory diseases, and soil pollution, triggered mainly by the accumulation of garbage and the use of pesticide [50]

See also

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References

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  2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-03-13. Retrieved 2014-06-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ H., Hunt, Michael (2015-06-26). The world transformed : 1945 to the present. p. 443. ISBN 9780199371020. OCLC 907585907.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ World Bank website, The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil's Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context, IBRD 2007 paper, retrieved June 8, 2007
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  25. ^ Araujo, Pablo De Souza (2019-07-01). "A INEFICÁCIA DA SEGURANÇA PÚBLICA NO BRASIL". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  27. ^ de Azevedo, Rodrigo Ghiringhelli (2017-01-01). "REFORMAS DA JUSTIÇA PENAL NO BRASIL – A DEMOCRATIZAÇÃO INACABADA". Acta Sociológica (in Portuguese). 72: 43–69. doi:10.1016/j.acso.2016.12.001. ISSN 0186-6028.
  28. ^ Azevedo, Rodrigo Ghiringhelli de (2004). "Tendências do controle penal na época contemporânea: reformas penais no Brasil e na Argentina". São Paulo em Perspectiva (in Portuguese). 18: 39–48. doi:10.1590/S0102-88392004000100006. ISSN 0102-8839.
  29. ^ Costa, Arthur Trindade M. (2015). "A (in)efetividade da justiça criminal brasileira Uma análise do fluxo de justiça dos homicídios no Distrito Federal". Civitas - Revista de Ciências Sociais (in Portuguese). 15: 11–26. doi:10.15448/1984-7289.2015.1.17088. ISSN 1519-6089.
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  42. ^ Abahlali baseMjondolo. "Terrible Shack Fire in Kennedy Road". Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  43. ^ Flavio, Malta. "Low Income Housing in Brazil: The Case of São Sebastião". Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  44. ^ Internet Geography. "Favela Case Study - Rocinha". Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  45. ^ Maricato, Erminia. "Poverty and some reasons for hope" (PDF). Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  46. ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  47. ^ "Brazil - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  48. ^ a b c "Problemas Sociais do Brasil". Toda Matéria (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  49. ^ "Conheça os 9 maiores problemas de saúde pública no Brasil". Blog da Medilab (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  50. ^ a b c d e "Problemas ambientais brasileiros". Mundo Educação (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-06-08.
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