Solanum linnaeanum is a nightshade species known as devil's apple and, in some places where it is introduced, apple of Sodom. The latter name is also used for other nightshades and entirely different plants elsewhere, in particular the poisonous milkweed Calotropis procera.[1]
| Solanum linnaeanum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Purple flowers and ripe yellow fruit stand out against the green foliage | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Solanaceae |
| Genus: | Solanum |
| Species: | S. linnaeanum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M.L.Jaeger
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
See text | |
This poisonous plant bearing tomato-like fruit is native to many African countries Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa,[2] Zimbabwe and Mozambique,[3] and is considered to be an invasive species in Australia,[4] New Zealand,[5] Hawaii, Fiji, New Caledonia, other Pacific Islands, the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia, and northern areas of Pakistan.[6] When raw its fruits are green and look exactly like the Thai eggplant and when ripe they are yellow. In Ukambani eastern Kenya children in the villages in summer season use the poisonous yellow fruit as football, cautiously.
Solbec Pharmaceuticals attempted to develop Coramsine,[7] a 1:1 mixture of the alkaloids solamargine and solasonine extracted from Solanum linnaeanum, as a cancer drug. Preliminary clinical trials were initially promising,[8] but the drug was ultimately unsuccessful.
Solanum linnaeanum may be confused with Solanum cinereum (Narrawa burr) in Australia,[3] the neotropical Solanum capsicoides,[3] or Solanum incanum in Africa.
Synonyms
editDue to confusion about what species the original Solanum sodomeum of Carl Linnaeus referred to (most recently, it was identified as Solanum ferox), the old description was discarded and the plant redescribed as currently understood. A new taxon honoring Linnaeus was chosen. A number of invalid taxa have thus become attached to the devil's apple:[9]
- Solanum astrophorum Jan (nomen nudum)
- Solanum hermannii Dunal
- Solanum mccannii Santapau
- Solanum sodomeum L. (disputed)
- Solanum sodomeum var. hermannii (Dunal) Dunal
- Solanum sodomeum var. mediterraneum Dunal
- Solanum undatum Bouton ex Dunal (preoccupied)
- Solanum undatum as described by Walsh is Solanum lycocarpum.
- Solanum undatum var. violaceum, described by Dunal in de Candolle, is the original Solanum aethiopicum of Linnaeus.
It is not clear whether the plant described by Drège as Solanum sodomeum was of this species. Solanum sodomeum by Russ based on Nees von Esenbeck is another nomen nudum.[9]
References
edit- ^ "Calotropis procera". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
- ^ AWC (2004)
- ^ a b c Species Fact Sheet, Queensland Government
- ^ DAF-WA [2006]
- ^ Roy et al. (2005)
- ^ Information on Solanum linnaeanum as relevant to Pacific Islands also in Aseer region in Saudi Arabi and northern areas of Pakistan
- ^ SP [2006]
- ^ Millward et al. (2005)
- ^ a b Solanaceae Source (2008)
Footnotes
edit
- Australian Weeds Committee (AWC) (2004): Weeds Australia – Apple of Sodom. Retrieved 2006-MAY-27.
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAF-WA) [2006]: Declared plants list – Apple of Sodom (Solanum linnaeanum). Retrieved 2006-MAY-27.
- Millward, M.; Powell, A.; Tyson, S.; Daly, P.; Ferguson, R. & Carter, S. (2005): Phase I trial of coramsine (SBP002) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Abstract of presentation at 2005 ASCO Annual Meeting. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(16S): 3105 HTML fulltext
- Roy, Bruce; Popay, Ian; Champion, Paul; James, Trevor & Rahman, Anis (2005): An Illustrated Guide to Common Weeds of New Zealand – Solanum linnaeanum / apple of Sodom. Version of 2005-DEC-20. Retrieved 2006-MAY-27.
- Solanaceae Source (2008): Solanum linnaeanum. Version of July 2008. Retrieved 2008-SEP-25.
- Solbec Pharmaceuticals (SP) [2006]: Coramsine Manufacturing and Operations. Retrieved 2006-MAY-27.
- Queensland Government [2006]: Solanum linnaeanum Fact Sheet, Weeds of Australia, Queensland Government Archived 2014-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-MAY-15.
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