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Siddha medicine

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Siddha medicine is a form of traditional medicine originating in southern India.[1] It is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India.[1][2]

In rural India, siddhars have learned methods traditionally through master-disciple relationships to become local "healers" known as siddhars.[2] Siddhars are among an estimated 400,000 traditional healers practicing medicine in India, comprising some 57% of rural medical care.[3][4] Siddha practitioners believe that five basic elements[5] – earth, water, fire, air, sky – are in food, "humours" of the human body, and herbal, animal or inorganic chemical compounds, such as sulfur and mercury, used as therapies for treating diseases.[6] The Indian Medical Association regards unqualified siddhars' practices as quackery posing a danger to national health due to absence of training in science-based medicine.[3][4] Identifying fake medical practitioners without qualifications, the Supreme Court of India stated in 2018 that "unqualified, untrained quacks are posing a great risk to the entire society and playing with the lives of people without having the requisite training and education in the science from approved institutions".[7]

The Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy of the Government of India regulates training in Siddha medicine and other traditional practices grouped collectively as AYUSH.[8] The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University offers courses with advanced degrees, such as BSMS (Bachelor in Siddha Medicine and Surgery), MD (Medical Doctor, Siddha) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).[9][10] The Central Council of Indian Medicine, a statutory body established in 1971 under AYUSH, monitors education in areas of Indian traditional medicine, including Siddha medicine.[11] Siddha degree holders can become registered Siddha practitioners and are allowed to prescribe drugs as per the standards recorded in the Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India (SPI) under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940.[12][13] However, modern medicine prescriptions by Siddha practitioners are also considered as quackery by the Indian Medical Association.[3]

History

Siddha is an ancient Indian traditional treatment system which evolved in South India,[14] chiefly in Tamil Nadu.[15] According to ancient literature of Siddha, it is said that the system of this medicine originated from Hindu God Shiva who taught it to his consort Parvati. Parvati then passed it on to Nandi and Nandi taught about it to nine Devtas.[16]

Though the origin of this system is considered to be divine, Siddhar Agasthyar is considered as the founding father of this medical system. There are 18 prominent siddhars who are the main contributors to this system of medicine.[17] The original texts and treatise for siddha are written in Tamil language.[17]

Concept of disease and cause

Siddha views disease as a condition caused when the normal equilibrium of the three humors (collectively called mukkuttram) – vaadham (airy), pittham (fiery) and kapam (watery) – is disturbed.[18] The factors assumed to affect this equilibrium are environment, climatic conditions, diet, physical activities, and stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio between Vaadham, Pittham, and Kapam are 4:2:1, respectively.[19]

According to the Siddha medicine system, diet and lifestyle play a major role in health and in curing diseases. This concept of the Siddha medicine is termed as pathiyam and apathiyam, which is essentially a rule-based system with a list of "do's and don'ts".

Herbalism

The herbal agents used by the siddhars could be classified into three groups: thavaram (herbal product), thadhu (inorganic substances) and jangamam (animal products).[19] The thadhu agents are further classified as: uppu (water-soluble inorganic substances that give out vapour when put into fire), pashanam (agents not dissolved in water but emit vapour when fired), uparasam (similar to pashanam but differ in action), loham (not dissolved in water but melt when fired), rasam (substances which are soft), and ghandhagam (substances which are insoluble in water, like sulphur).[20]

Siddha today

Tamil Nadu state runs a 5.5-year course in Siddha medicine (BSMS: Bachelor in Siddha Medicine and Surgery). The Indian Government also gives its focus on Siddha, by starting up medical colleges and research centers like National Institute of Siddha.[21] and Central Council for Research in Siddha.[22] Commercially, Siddha medicine is practiced by siddhars referred in Tamil as vaithiyars.

Regulation

Practicing Siddha medicine and similar forms of rural alternative medicine in India was banned in the Travancore-Cochin Medical Practitioners' Act of 1953,[23] then reinforced in 2018 by the Supreme Court of India which stated that "A number of unqualified, untrained quacks are posing a great risk to the entire society and playing with the lives of people."[7][24] The Act requires that qualified medical practitioners be trained at a recognized institution, and be registered and displayed on a list of valid physician practitioners, as published annually in The Gazette of India.[23] The Gazette list does not recognize practitioners of Siddha medicine because they are not trained, qualified or registered as valid physicians.[3][24][7]

Criticism

Since 2014, the Supreme Court of India and Indian Medical Association have described Siddha medicine as quackery,[3][24][7] and there is no governmental recognition of siddhars as legitimate physicians.[3] The Indian Medical Association regards the Indian institutions that train people in Siddha medicine, the supposed degrees granted, and the graduates of those programs as "fake".[3][7] Since 1953, the Indian national government has not recognized Siddha medicine or any alternative system of medicine as valid, and there is no proposal to integrate Siddha medicine into conventional medicine practiced in India.[3][7]

There may be as many as one million quack "doctors", including siddhars, practicing medicine in the rural regions of India, a condition not actively opposed by the Indian government out of concern for serving some health needs for the large rural population.[3][24][25][4][26] The Indian Medical Association emphatically opposed this position in 2014.[3] In 2018, licensed Indian physicians staged demonstrations and accused the government of sanctioning quackery by proposing to allow rural quacks to practice some aspects of clinical medicine without having complete medical training.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Siddha medicine". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b "About Siddha medicine: Origins". National Institute of Siddha. 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j KK Aggarwal; VN Sharma (2014). "IMA Anti Quackery Wing". Indian Medical Association. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d Michael Safi (2 January 2018). "Indian doctors protest against plan to let 'quacks' practise medicine". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 November 2019. The government is giving sanction to quackery. If those doctors make mistakes and people pay with their lives, who is going to be held accountable?
  5. ^ "Siddha medicine: Basic concepts". Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  6. ^ "Siddha medicine: Materia medica". Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Justice RK Agrawal (13 April 2018). "Judgment by the Supreme Court of India: Kerala Ayurveda Paramparya vs State of Kerala". Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  8. ^ "About the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences". Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India. 2017.
  9. ^ "Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy Courses - The Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R. Medical University". www.tnmgrmu.ac.in. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  10. ^ "PhD Siddha". 28 August 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  11. ^ Central Council of Indian Medicine
  12. ^ Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
  13. ^ Siddha system of medicine
  14. ^ Boslaugh, Sarah (15 September 2015). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society. SAGE Publications. p. 2492. ISBN 978-1-5063-4618-2.
  15. ^ Karunamoorthi, Kaliyaperumal; Jegajeevanram, Kaliyaperumal; Xavier, Jerome; Vijayalakshmi, Jayaraman; Melita, Luke (2012). "Tamil traditional medicinal system - siddha: an indigenous health practice in the international perspectives". Tang: Humanitas Medicine. 2 (2): 12.1–12.11. doi:10.5667/tang.2012.0006. ISSN 2233-8985.
  16. ^ S. K. Mukherjee; A. M. Saxena; Gyanesh Shukla; Gian Singh; Dr. T. K. Mukherjee (2002). Progress of diabetes research in India during 20th century. National Institute of Science Communication. p. 100.
  17. ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions | National Health Portal of India".
  18. ^ Concepts of body constitution in traditional Siddha texts: A literature review, Kannan Muthiah et al. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019 Apr-Jun.
  19. ^ a b Master Murugan, Chillayah (20 October 2012). "Siddha Therapy, Natural Remedies and Self-Treatment". Varma Kalai. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  20. ^ "Herbs used in Siddha medicine for arthritis - A review" (PDF). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. October 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  21. ^ "National Institute of Siddha". Chennai, India: NIS, Chennai. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  22. ^ "Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha". India: CCRAS. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  23. ^ a b "Travancore-Cochin Medical Practitioners' Act, 1953" (PDF). Medical Council of Kerala, Kerala Adaptation of Laws. 1956. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  24. ^ a b c d "Quacks practising medicine great risk to society: Supreme Court". Business Standard. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2019. People having no recognised and approved qualifications, having little knowledge about the indigenous medicines are becoming medical practitioners and playing with the lives of thousands and millions of people. Sometimes such quacks commit blunders and precious lives are lost.
  25. ^ Sources that criticize AYUSH as a pseudoscience:
  26. ^ Steven Novella (3 January 2018). "Indian doctors fight against quackery". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
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