Solidago virgaurea, the European goldenrod or woundwort, is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across most of Europe as well as North Africa and northern, central, and southwestern Asia (China, Russia, India, Turkey, Kazakhstan, etc.).[2][3][4] It is grown as a garden flower with many different cultivars. It flowers profusely in late summer.
| Solidago virgaurea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Solidago virgaurea minuta | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Solidago |
| Species: | S. virgaurea
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| Binomial name | |
| Solidago virgaurea | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Synonymy
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Solidago virgaurea is a perennial herb up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall, with a branching underground caudex and a woody rhizome. It produces arrays of numerous small yellow flower heads at the top of the stem.[3]
- Subspecies and varieties[1]
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. alpestris (Waldst. & Kit.) Gremli
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. armena (Grossh.) Greuter
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica Kitam. ex Hara
- Solidago virgaurea var. calcicola Fernald
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. caucasica (Kem.-Nath.) Greuter
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. dahurica (Kitag.) Kitag.
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. gigantea (Nakai) Kitam.
- Solidago virgaurea var. insularis (Kitam.) Hara
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. jailarum (Juz.) Tzvelev
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. lapponica (With.) Tzvelev
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. macrorrhiza (Lange) Nyman
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. minuta (L.) Arcang.
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. stenophylla (G.E.Schultz) Tzvelev
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. talyschensis (Tzvelev) Sennikov
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. taurica (Juz.) Tzvelev
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. turfosa (Woronow ex Grossh.) Greuter
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea
- Solidago virgaurea var. virgaurea
Medicinal uses
editIn the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Solidago virgaurea was used in Europe to heal wounds. Its astringent, diuretic, antiseptic and other properties are well known. In various assessments by the European Medicines Agency with respect to Solidago virgaurea, non-clinical data shows diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic and spasmolytic, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory activity. However, as no single ingredient is responsible for these effects, the whole herbal preparation of Solidago inflorescences must be considered as the active ingredient. Further, the relevance of those effects found in vitro could not be confirmed by clinical studies.[5]
References
edit- ^ a b The Plant List, Solidago virgaurea L.
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Verga d'oro comune, Solidago virgaurea L. includes photos and European distribution map
- ^ a b Flora of China, Solidago dahurica (Kitagawa) Kitagawa ex Juzepczuk, 1959. 兴安一枝黄花 xing an yi zhi huang hua
- ^ "Solidago virgaurea". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
- ^ European Medicines Agency, ASSESSMENT REPORT ON SOLIDAGO VIRGAUREA L., HERBA, European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use London, 4 September 2008 Doc. Ref. EMEA/HMPC/285759/2007