Solifluction is a collective name for gradual processes in which a mass moves down a slope ("mass wasting") related to freeze-thaw activity. This is the standard modern meaning of solifluction, which differs from the original meaning given to it by Johan Gunnar Andersson in 1906.[1][2]
Origin and evolution of the concept
editIn the original sense it meant the movement of waste saturated in water found in periglacial regions. However it was later discovered that various slow waste movements in periglacial regions did not require saturation in water, but were rather associated to freeze-thaw processes.[1][2] The term solifluction was appropriated to refer to these slow processes, and therefore excludes rapid periglacial movements.[1] In slow periglacial solifluction there are not clear gliding planes,[3] and therefore skinflows and active layer detachments are not included in the concept.[1] On the other hand, movement of waste saturated in water can occur in any humid climate, and therefore this kind of solifluction is not restricted to cold climates.[citation needed]
Slow periglacial solifluction is classified into four types:[1]
- Ice creep
- Frost creep[A]
- Gelifluction
- Plug-like flow
Slow solifluction acts much slower than some geochemical fluxes or than other erosion processes.[1] The relatively low rates at which solifluction operates contrast with its occurrence over wide mountain areas and periglaciated lowlands.[1][2] Since solifluction is associated with humidity and cold climates it can be used to infer past climates.[1]
Deposits
editDeposits of slow periglacial solifluction compromise poorly stratified diamicton and diamicton where stratification is wholly lacking. When stratification can be seen it is often distinguished by a buried organic soil.[3] Some other solifluction deposits that have a more defined stratification consist of alternating layers of diamicton and open-work beds, these last representing buried stone-banked lobes and sheets. A common feature in solifluction deposits is the orientation of clasts parallel to the slope.[3]
Landforms
editSolifluction lobes and sheets are types of slope failure and landforms. In solifluction lobes sediments form a tongue-shaped feature due to differential downhill flow rates.[4] In contrast, solifluction sheet sediments move more or less uniformly downslope, thus being a less selective form of erosion than solifluction lobes.[5]
Extraterrestrial solifluction
editIt has been suggested that solifluction might be active on Mars,[6][7] even relatively recently (within the last few million years), as observed Martian lobates bear many similarities with solifluction lobes known from Svalbard.[7]
See also
edit
External links
edit- An example of solifluction can be seen southeast of the Swedish lake Luspasjaure 66°14′57″N 15°43′7″E / 66.24917°N 15.71861°E
Notes
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Matsuoka, Norikazu (2001). "Solifluction rates, processes and landforms: a global review". Earth-Science Reviews. 55 (1–2): 107–134. Bibcode:2001ESRv...55..107M. doi:10.1016/s0012-8252(01)00057-5.
- ^ a b c d French, Hugh M. (2007). "Azonal Processes and Landforms". The Periglacial Environment (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 225–26. ISBN 978-0-470-86588-0.
- ^ a b c Bertran, Pascal; Texier, Jean-Pierre (1999). "Facies and microfacies of slope deposits". Catena. 35 (2–4): 99–121. Bibcode:1999Caten..35...99B. doi:10.1016/s0341-8162(98)00096-4.
- ^ Earth Science World Image Board. earthscienceworld.org. Accessed March 26, 2012.
- ^ Sugden, David E. (1971). "The significance of periglacial activity on some Scottish mountains". Geographical Journal. 137 (3): 388–392. doi:10.2307/1797276. JSTOR 1797276.
- ^ Mangold, Nicolas (2005). "High latitude patterned grounds on Mars: Classification, distribution and climatic control". Icarus. 174 (2): 336–359. Bibcode:2005Icar..174..336M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.030.
- ^ a b Johnsson, A.; Reiss, D.; Hauber, E.; Zanetti, M.; Hiesinger, H.; Johansson, L.; Olvmo, M. (March 2012). "Periglacial mass-wasting landforms on Mars suggestive of transient liquid water in the recent past: Insights from solifluction lobes on Svalbard" (PDF). Icarus. 218 (1): 489–505. Bibcode:2012Icar..218..489J. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.12.021.
References
edit- Anderson, J.G. 1906. "Solifluction, a Component of Subaërial Denudation", The Journal of Geology, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Feb. – Mar., 1906), pp. 91–112.
- French, H. M. 2007. The Periglacial Environment, Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 458 pp.
- Easterbrook, Don J. Surface Processes and Landforms. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999
- "Solifluction (geology)" Encyclopædia Britannica Online. n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2013