The Trundholm sun chariot (Danish: Solvognen) is a Nordic Bronze Age artifact discovered in Denmark. It is a representation of the sun chariot, a bronze statue of a horse and a large bronze disk, which are placed on a device with spoked wheels.
| Trundholm sun chariot | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Material | Bronze |
| Created | Nordic Bronze Age, c. 1500-1300 BC |
| Discovered | 1902 Odsherred, Denmark |
| Present location | National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen |
The sculpture was discovered with no accompanying objects in 1902 in a peat bog on the Trundholm moor in Odsherred in the northwestern part of Zealand, (approximately 55°55′N 11°37′E / 55.917°N 11.617°E). It is now in the collection of the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen.[1] It is featured on the 1000-krone banknote of the 2009 series.[2]
Description
edit
The horse stands on a bronze rod supported by four wheels. The rod below the horse is connected to the disk, which is supported by two wheels. All of the wheels have four spokes. The artifact was cast in the lost wax method. The whole object is approximately 54 cm × 35 cm × 29 cm (21 in × 14 in × 11 in) in size (width, height, depth).[3][1] Aspects of the decoration suggest a Danubian influence in the object, although it was produced locally.[4][5]
The disk has a diameter of approximately 25 cm (9.8 in). It is gilded on one side only, the right-hand side (when looking at the horse from behind). It consists of two bronze disks that are joined by an outer bronze ring, with a thin sheet of gold applied to one face. The disks were then decorated with punches and gravers with zones of motifs of concentric circles, with bands of zig-zag decoration between borders. The gold side has an extra outer zone which may represent rays, and also a zone with concentric circles linked by looping bands that "instead of flowing in one direction, progress like the steps of the dance, twice forward and once back". The main features of the horse are also highly decorated.[6]
The two sides of the disk have been interpreted as an indication of a belief that the Sun is drawn across the heavens from East to West during the day, presenting its bright side to the Earth and returns from West to East during the night, when the dark side is being presented to the Earth. A continuation around a globe would have the same result. It is thought that the chariot was pulled around during religious rituals to demonstrate the motion of the Sun in the heavens.[7]
Two similar discs have been found in Ireland: the Lattoon gold disc[8][9] and the bronze Cooke disc, the latter dated to c. 1500–1300 BC. The Cooke disc has similar fittings to the Trundholm chariot, suggesting that it was also originally connected to a sun horse and mounted on wheels.[10]
Date
editThe sculpture is dated to about 1400 BC,[3] or Montellius period II (c. 1500-1300 BC).[11]
Evidence for horse-drawn chariots first appears in Scandinavia around 1700 BC, in the form of petroglyphs, chariot bits and whip handles.[12][13][14]
Calendar
editSome authors have suggested that the decoration on the disc numerically encodes a calendar.[15][16] The archaeologist Christoph Sommerfeld argues that both sides of the disc encode knowledge of the 19-year lunisolar Metonic cycle.[17] The Metonic cycle is also thought to be encoded on the later Berlin Gold Hat, dating from c. 1000 BC.[18][19]
Sun chariot in Indo-European mythology and religions
editNorse mythology
editThe chariot has been interpreted as a possible Bronze Age predecessor to Skinfaxi,[20] the horse that pulled Dagr, the personification of day, across the sky.
Celtic Pantheon
editThe sky god Taranis is typically depicted with the attribute of a spoked wheel.
Hindu scriptures
editThe Rigveda in Hindu scriptures also reflects the mention of the Sun chariot. RV 10.85 mentions the sun god's bride as seated on a chariot pulled by two steeds. The relevant verses are the following (trans. Griffith):
10. Her spirit was the bridal car; the covering thereof was heaven: Bright were both Steeds that drew it when Surya approached her husband's home.
11. Thy Steeds were steady, kept in place by holy verse and Sama-hymn: All car were thy two chariot wheels: thy path was tremulous in the sky,
12. Clean, as thou wentest, were thy wheels, wind was the axle fastened there. Surya, proceeding to her Lord, mounted a spirit-fashioned car.[21]
Greek mythology
editIn Greek mythology, the solar deity Helios was said to wear a radiant crown as his horse-drawn chariot raced across the sky, bringing daylight.[22]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Trundholm Sun Chariot". CWA 80. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ "1000-krone banknote".
- ^ a b "The Sun Chariot". Nationalmuseet. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- ^ Vandkilde, Helle (April 2014). "Breakthrough of the Nordic Bronze Age: Transcultural Warriorhood and a Carpathian Crossroad in the Sixteenth Century BC". European Journal of Archaeology. 17 (4): 602–633. doi:10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000064. S2CID 162256646. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "The Sun Chariot". Nationalmuseet. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- ^ Sandars, 184–185
- ^ Sandars, 184; see also Nationalmuseet video
- ^ Leonard, Katharine (2014). Ritual in Late Bronze Age Ireland – Material Culture, Practices, Landscape Setting and Social Context (PDF) (PhD). University of Galway. p. 95.
- ^ "Photo of the Lattoon disc". British Archaeology Magazine. 2019.
- ^ Mathias, Florent; Wilkin, Neil (2019). "The Sun also Rises". British Archaeology. 164: 52–57.
- ^ Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). The Rise of Bronze Age Society. Cambridge University Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-521-84363-8.
- ^ Pankau, Claudia; Krause, Rüdiger (2017). "Chariots between Africa and China – Distribution and Development of Wagons with Two-Spoked Wheels". In Rupp, Nicole; Beck, Christina; Franke, Gabriele; Wendt, Karl Peter (eds.). Winds of Change: Archaeological Contributions in Honour of Peter Breunig. Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH. pp. 355–371. ISBN 978-3-7749-4074-1. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
- ^ Vandkilde, Helle (April 2014). "Breakthrough of the Nordic Bronze Age: Transcultural Warriorhood and a Carpathian Crossroad in the Sixteenth Century BC". European Journal of Archaeology. 17 (4): 602–633. doi:10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000064. S2CID 162256646. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ Kristiansen, Kristian (2011). "Bridging India and Scandinavia: Institutional Transmission and Elite Conquest during the Bronze Age". Interweaving worlds systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxbow Books. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-84217-998-7.
- ^ Hansen, Rahlf; Rink, Christine (2008). "Himmelsscheibe, Sonnenwagen und Kalenderhüte – ein Versuch zur bronzezeitlichen Astronomie". Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica. 40: 93–126. doi:10.11588/apa.2008.0.71501.
- ^ Randsborg, Klavs (2006). "Calendars of the Bronze Age". Acta Archaeologica. 77: 62–90. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0390.2006.00047.x.
- ^ Sommerfel, Christoph (2010). "… nach Jahr und Tag – Bemerkungen über die Trundholm-Scheiben". Praehistorische Zeitschrift. 85 (2): 207–242. doi:10.1515/PZ.2010.01 (inactive 1 November 2024).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ "Golden Ceremonial Hat ("Berlin Gold Hat")". Neues Museum Berlin.
- ^ Menghin, Wilfried (2008). "Zahlensymbolik und digitales Rechnersystem in der Ornamentik des Berliner Goldhutes". Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica. 40: 157–169. doi:10.11588/apa.2008.0.71505.
- ^ Lindow, John. (2001) Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs, page 272. Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515382-0.
- ^ Mandala 10/Hymn 85
- ^ Madanjeet Singh, Ahmad Hasan Dani (1993), The Sun: Symbol of Power and Life, H.N. Abrams, p. 293, ISBN 978081093838.
Sources
edit- Sandars, Nancy K., Prehistoric Art in Europe, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), 1968 (nb 1st edn.)
External links
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- Reconstructing the Trundholm Sun Chariot Archived 11 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Anders Söderberg, Sweden, 2002. Söderberg demonstrates how part of the chariot might have been made using the lost-wax method.
- Götter und Helden in der Bronzezeit: Europa im Zeitalter des Odysseus, exhibition, Bonn. 1999. Catalogue introduction, wall panel information: (.doc format)