The Weismann barrier, proposed by August Weismann, is the strict distinction between the "immortal" germ cell lineages producing gametes and "disposable" somatic cells in animals (but not plants), in contrast to Charles Darwin's proposed pangenesis mechanism for inheritance.[1][2]
In more precise terminology, hereditary information is copied only from germline cells to somatic cells. This means that new information from somatic mutation is not passed on to the germline. This barrier concept implies that somatic mutations are not inherited.[3][4]
Weismann set out the concept in his 1892 book ″Das Keimplasma: eine Theorie der Vererbung″ (German for The Germ Plasm: a theory of inheritance).[5] The use of this theory, commonly in the context of the germ plasm theory of the late 19th century, before the development of better-based and more sophisticated concepts of genetics in the early 20th century, is sometimes referred to as Weismannism.[6] Some authors distinguish Weismannist development (either preformistic or epigenetic) that in which there is a distinct germline, from somatic embryogenesis.[7] This type of development is correlated with the evolution of death of the somatic line.
The Weismann barrier was of great importance in its day and among other influences it effectively banished certain Lamarckian concepts: in particular, it would make Lamarckian inheritance from changes to the body (the soma) difficult or impossible.[8] It remains important, but has however required qualification in the light of modern understanding of horizontal gene transfer and some other genetic and histological developments.[9]
Immortality of the germline
editThe Russian biologist and historian Zhores A. Medvedev, reviewing Weismann's theory a century later, considered that the accuracy of genome replicative and other synthetic systems alone could not explain the "immortal" germ cell lineages proposed by Weismann. Rather Medvedev thought that known features of the biochemistry and genetics of sexual reproduction indicated the presence of unique information maintenance and restoration processes at the different stages of gametogenesis. In particular, Medvedev considered that the most important opportunities for information maintenance of germ cells are created by recombination during meiosis and DNA repair; he saw these as processes within the germ cells that were capable of restoring the integrity of DNA and chromosomes from the types of damage that caused irreversible ageing in somatic cells.[10]
Basal animals
editBasal animals such as sponges (Porifera) and corals (Anthozoa) contain multipotent stem cell lineages, that give rise to both somatic and reproductive cells. The Weismann barrier appears to be of a more recent evolutionary origin among animals.[11]
Plants
editIn plants, genetic changes in somatic lines can and do result in genetic changes in the germ lines, because the germ cells are produced by somatic cell lineages (vegetative meristems), which may be old enough (many years) to have accumulated multiple mutations since seed germination, some of them subject to natural selection.[12] It is noteworthy in this context that, generally speaking, adult, reproducing plants tend to produce many more offspring in number than animal organisms.
See also
edit- Alternatives to evolution by natural selection – List of alternatives to Darwinian natural selection
- Baldwin effect – Effect of learned behavior on evolution
- Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance – Epigenetic transmission without DNA primary structure alteration
- Lamarckism – Scientific hypothesis about inheritance
- Pangenesis – Darwin's proposed mechanism for heredity
References
edit- ^ Geison, G. L. (1969). "Darwin and heredity: The evolution of his hypothesis of pangenesis". J Hist Med Allied Sci. XXIV (4): 375–411. doi:10.1093/jhmas/XXIV.4.375. PMID 4908353.
- ^ You, Yawen (26 January 2015). "The Germ-Plasm: a Theory of Heredity (1893), by August Weismann". The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (Arizona State University). Retrieved 7 September 2018.
- ^ Gauthier, Peter (March–May 1990). "Does Weismann's Experiment Constitute a Refutation of the Lamarckian Hypothesis?". BIOS. 61 (1/2): 6–8. JSTOR 4608123.
- ^ This does not refer to the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that no sequential information can travel from protein to DNA or RNA, but both hypotheses relate to a gene-centric view of life. De Tiege, Alexis; Tanghe, Koen; Braeckman, Johan; Van de Peer, Yves (January 2014). "From DNA- to NA-centrism and the conditions for gene-centrism revisited". Biology & Philosophy. 29 (1): 55–69. doi:10.1007/s10539-013-9393-z. S2CID 85866639.
- ^ Weismann, August (1892). Das Keimplasma: eine Theorie der Vererbung. Jena: Fischer.
- ^ Romanes, George John (1893). An examination of Weismannism. Chicago: Open court. OL 23380098M.
- ^ Ridley, Mark (2004). Evolution (3rd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 295–297.
- ^ Romanes, George John (1893). An examination of Weismannism. Open Court. OL 23380098M.
- ^ Lindley, Robyn A. "How Mutational and Epigenetic Changes Enable Adaptive Evolution". G. I. T. Laboratory Journal.
- ^ Medvedev, Zhores A. (1981). "On the immortality of the germ line: Genetic and biochemical mechanisms. A review". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 17 (4): 331–359. doi:10.1016/0047-6374(81)90052-X. ISSN 0047-6374. PMID 6173551. S2CID 35719466.
- ^ Radzvilavicius, Arunas L.; Hadjivasiliou, Zena; Pomiankowski, Andrew; Lane, Nick (2016-12-20). "Selection for Mitochondrial Quality Drives Evolution of the Germline". PLOS Biology. 14 (12): e2000410. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2000410. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 5172535. PMID 27997535.
- ^ Whitham, T.G.; Slobodchikoff, C.N. (1981). "Evolution by individuals, plant-herbivore interactions, and mosaics of genetic variability: The adaptive significance of somatic mutations in plants". Oecologia. 49 (3): 287–292. Bibcode:1981Oecol..49..287W. doi:10.1007/BF00347587. PMID 28309985. S2CID 20411802.