The Arajs Kommando (also: Sonderkommando Arajs; Latvian: Arāja komanda), led by SS commander and Nazi collaborator Viktors Arājs, was a unit of Latvian Auxiliary Police (German: Lettische Hilfspolizei) subordinated to the German Sicherheitsdienst (SD). It was a notorious killing unit during the Holocaust.
| Arajs Kommando | |
|---|---|
| German: Sonderkommando Arajs Latvian: Arāja komanda | |
.svg) | |
| Active | 1941—1944 |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Branch | Sicherheitsdienst |
| Size | from >100 (July 1941) to 1200 (1943) |
| War crimes | The Holocaust in Latvia The Holocaust in Belarus |
| Commanders | |
| Commander | Viktors Arājs |
| Deputy commander | Herberts Cukurs |
Formation
editAfter the entry of the Einsatzkommando into the Latvian capital[1] Viktors Arājs made contact with Brigadeführer Walter Stahlecker on 1 July 1941. Stahlecker instructed Arājs to set up a group later named Latvian Auxiliary Security Police or Arajs Kommando.[2] The unit was composed of students and former officers. All Arajs Kommando members were volunteers, and free to leave at any time.[2] The following day, on 2 July, Stahlecker told Arājs that his commando group was to unleash against the Jews a pogrom that looked spontaneous.[3]
Activities
editThe Arajs Kommando unit actively participated in a variety of Nazi atrocities, including the killing of Jews, Roma and mental patients, as well as punitive actions and massacres of civilians along Latvia's border with the Soviet Union.[2][4] The Kommando is estimated to have killed around 26,000 Latvian Jews.[5] Most notably, the unit took part in the Liepāja massacres. They also participated in the mass slaughter of Jews from the Riga Ghetto and several thousand Jews deported from Germany, as guards at the Rumbula massacre of November 30 and December 8, 1941, although the actual killing was carried out by 12 German Schutzpolizei personnel assigned to the operation. Some of the commando's men also served as guards at the Salaspils concentration camp.[6]
As can be seen in contemporary Nazi newsreels, part of a campaign to create the perception that the Holocaust in the Baltics was local, and not Nazi-directed, the Arajs Kommando figured prominently in the burning of Riga's Great (Choral) Synagogue on 4 July 1941. Commemoration of this event has been chosen for marking Holocaust Memorial Day in present-day Latvia.
The unit numbered about 300–500 men during the period that it participated in the killings of Latvian Jews, and up to 1,500 members at its peak at the height of its involvement in anti-partisan operations in 1942. In the final phases of the war, the unit was disbanded, and its personnel transferred to the Latvian Legion.[4]
Prosecution
editA total of 356 Arajs Kommando members have been identified. Between 1944 and 1966, 352 of them were prosecuted by the Soviets, albeit one case was later suspended.[7]
| Sentence | Number of those sentenced |
|---|---|
| Death | 44 (30 executed) |
| 25 years imprisonment with hard labor | 156 |
| 20 years imprisonment with hard labor | 36 |
| 15–18 years imprisonment with hard labor | 43 |
| 15 years imprisonment with hard labor | 10 |
| 10 years imprisonment with hard labor | 76 |
Fourteen of the death sentences were never carried out since the Soviets temporarily abolished capital punishment between 1947 and 1949, thus saving the lives of those tried and condemned during that time period. The most frequently imposed sentence was 25 years in prison with hard labor, and forfeiture of civil rights for five years, plus forfeiture of all property. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Latvian courts rehabilitated more than 40 of those convicted despite overwhelming evidence in virtually all of the cases.[7][8]
After successfully hiding in West Germany for several decades after the war under an assumed name, Viktors Arājs was eventually identified by a former colleague, arrested, tried, and imprisoned for his crimes. Arājs died in prison in 1988.
Herberts Cukurs, a deputy commander of the Arajs Kommado, was assassinated by the Israeli Mossad in 1965. While living in Brazil, Cukurs was befriended by a German-speaking Mossad agent, who lured him to Uruguay, where Cukurs was ambushed, restrained, and summarily executed.[9]
More recently, the governments of Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia were involved in attempts to extradite Konrāds Kalējs, a former officer of the Arajs Kommando,[10] to Latvia for trial on charges of genocide. Kalējs died in 2001 in Australia before the extradition could proceed, maintaining his innocence to the end, stating that he was fighting Russia on the Eastern Front or studying at university when the slaughter of Jews took place in 1941. Historian of the Latvian Holocaust Andrew Ezergailis claimed that about a third of the Arājs Kommando, 500 out of a maximum of around 1,500 total members, actively participated in the killings of Jews, and pointed out that one cannot be convicted of crimes against humanity based solely on membership in an organization.[11]
References
edit- ^ Breitman, Richard (September 1991). "Himmler and the 'Terrible Secret' among the Executioners". Journal of Contemporary History. 26 (3/4): 431–451. doi:10.1177/002200949102600305. JSTOR 260654. S2CID 159733077.
- ^ a b c Birn, Ruth Bettina; Riess, Volker (1997). "Revising the Holocaust". The Historical Journal. 40 (1): 195–215. ISSN 0018-246X.
- ^ Angrick, Andrej; Klein, Peter (2009). The "Final Solution" in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941-1944. Volume 14 of Studies on War and Genocide. pp. 65–70. ISBN 9781845456085.
- ^ a b Lumans, Valdis O. (2006). Latvia in World War II. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-2627-6.
- ^ Andrew Ezergailis (1996). The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941-1944. Historical Institute of Latvia, Riga ; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Washington, DC. OCLC 33403580.
- ^ Strods, Heinrihs (2000). "Salaspils koncentrācijas nometne (1944. gada oktobris – 1944. gada septembris". Yearbook of the Occupation Museum of Latvia (in Latvian). 2000: 87–153. ISSN 1407-6330.
- ^ a b Nollendorfs, Valters; Oberländer, Erwin, eds. (2005). The Hidden and Forbidden History of Lativa Under Soviet and Nazi Occupations 1940-1991. Vol. 14. Institute of the History of Latvia, University of Latvia. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.6656. ISBN 9984601927.
- ^ "BBC News | EUROPE | Latvia killers rehabilitated". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Kinstler, Linda (24 May 2022). "Nazi or KGB agent? My search for my grandfather's hidden past". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ "Konrad Kalejs: Target for Nazi hunters". BBC News. 3 January 2000.
- ^ Kalejs Not Necessarily Implicated, Reuters News Service, filed January 13, 2000, Canberra
Further reading
edit- Lumans, Valdis O. (2006). Latvia in World War II. World War II—The Global, Human, and Ethical Dimension 11. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-2627-6. OCLC 64595899.
- Angrick, Andrej; Klein, Peter (2006). Die "Endlösung" in Riga: Ausbeutung und Vernichtung 1941–1944 (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-534-19149-9. OCLC 69983159.
- Foreign Ministry of Latvia: The Holocaust in German-Occupied Latvia