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32 Battalion (South Africa)

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"The Terrible Ones" redirects here. For the novel in the Nick Carter-Killmaster series, see The Terrible Ones (novel).

32 Battalion (sometimes nicknamed Buffalo Battalion, Three-two battalion or Portuguese: Os Terríveis for The Terrible Ones) was an elite light infantry battalion of the South African Army founded in 1975, composed of black and white commissioned and enlisted personnel. It was disbanded on 26 March 1993.[1]: 280 

32 Battalion
32 Battalion emblem
Active1975 – 26 March 1993
Country South Africa
Branch South African Army
TypeLight infantry
RoleAir assault
Anti-tank warfare
Artillery observer
Close-quarters combat
Counterinsurgency
Desert warfare
Direct fire
Indirect fire
Jungle warfare
Maneuver warfare
Patrolling
Raiding
Reconnaissance
Tracking
Urban warfare
SizeBattalion
Part ofSouth African Defence Force
Nickname(s)Buffalo Battalion/Os Terríveis (English: The Terrible Ones")
Motto(s)Proelio Procusi (English: "Forged in Battle")
EngagementsSouth African Border War
Commanders
FounderColonel Jan Breytenbach
Subsequent commandersCol Gert Nel
Col Deon Ferreira (Falcon)
Col Eddie Viljoen (Big Daddy)
Insignia
Battalion flag

History

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Military refugees

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After the victory of the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA) in the Angolan War of Independence in 1975, many troops of its main rival, the Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (National Liberation Front of Angola, FNLA), found refuge in the then South African-controlled South West Africa.[2]

 
32 Battalion uniforms. Members of the unit often impersonated Angolan security forces.

Formation of Bravo Group

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From these troops, Colonel Jan Breytenbach together with Commandant Sybie van der Spuy formed a unit that was initially known as Bravo Group but later renamed 32 Battalion. Initially, Bravo Group consisted of two infantry companies, a mortar platoon, an anti-tank section and a machine gun platoon, but 32 Battalion was finally expanded to seven infantry companies, a reconnaissance wing, and a support company consisting of 81 mm mortar, anti-tank and machine gun sections.

 

Redeployed as the SADF

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Unlike other South African Defence Forces (SADF) units, 32 Battalion was mainly deployed in southern Angola, acting as a buffer between the SADF's regular forces and its enemies. The unit was also used to assist the anti-communist movement of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Although it was mainly used as a counter-insurgency force it was eventually also used as a semi-conventional force, especially during the later phases of the war – particularly at the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale.

The battalion consisted of around 700 riflemen and NCOs (non-commissioned officers) (mostly Angolan nationals associated with the former FNLA or the Portuguese Army) and mainly South African officers, although commissioned military personnel from countries such as Australia, Rhodesia, Portugal and the United States were active with the battalion, especially in its early stages. As time progressed a number of SNCOs (senior non-commissioned officers – sergeants and above), distinguished themselves and were commissioned.[3]

At the end of its era in Namibia, the unit had developed into a conventional battle group. Apart from the infantry companies and the recce company, the battalion was strengthened by a battery of 120 mm (4.7 in) mortars, a squadron of Ratel ZT-3 and 90 mm (3.5 in) tank destroyers and a troop of 20 mm (0.79 in) anti-aircraft guns mounted on Buffel infantry vehicles.

Although the main bulk of the battalion was based at Buffalo on the banks of the Okavango River, the HQ was in Rundu, 200 km (120 mi) to the west[citation needed].

Namibian independence

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After Namibian independence in 1989-1990, the unit was withdrawn to South Africa where it was further used in a counter-insurgency role on South Africa's borders and later also in townships.

Phola Park Incident

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On 8 April 1992, members of 32 Battalion were involved in an incident in Phola Park, Gauteng where members of the public were shot and killed.[4] The incident drew widespread criticism, specifically from the African National Congress (ANC)[5] and prompted the Minister of Defence to request an investigation by the Goldstone Commission.

Disbandment

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As one of the results of the negotiations between the National Party and the ANC, the unit was disbanded in March 1993. After the battalion was disbanded, the remaining members of the unit were transferred to other SADF-units such as the Parachute and Mechanised Battalions as well as the Recces. It was also decided to reactivate 2 SAI at Pomfret which enabled about a quarter of the troops to return to Pomfret as members of the new 2 SAI. However, when 2 SAI was moved to Zeerust in 1999, many of them decided to rather stay behind at Pomfret and handed in their resignations. In 2008 there still remained about a quarter of the original 1,000 three-two families at Pomfret, eking out mainly a hand-to-mouth existence.

Many members of the unit later helped to found or joined private military companies such as Executive Outcomes and Sandline International, which fought on the side of the Angolan government against UNITA. Executive Outcomes was utilized by the Sierra Leonean government to repel RUF forces between March 1995 and March 1997 during the Sierra Leone Civil War.

 
SADF 32 Battalion commemorative medallion

Equatorial Guinea coup

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Some of the participants in the alleged 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état attempt were former members of 32 Battalion.[6][7] Because they were arrested in Zimbabwe, it is not clear whether any of those arrested had full knowledge of their final destination or the alleged plan to carry out a coup d'état.[8]

Decorations

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The battalion was one of the most decorated units during the South African Border War, with a total of 13 Honoris Crux medals for bravery awarded to its members, second only to the South African Special Forces Brigade, whose members were awarded 46 Honoris Crux medals during the same period.

  List of 32 Battalion recipients of the Honoris Crux[1]: 85–88 
Main article: Honoris Crux (1975)
  • Lieutenant Connie van Wyk
  • Sergeant Danny Roxo
  • Warrant Officer 2 Willy Ward
  • Major Eddie Viljoen
  • Lance Corporal Feliciano Costa
  • Corporal Eduardo João
  • Second Lieutenant Petrus Nel
  • Corporal Victor Dracula
  • Rifleman Bernardo Domingos
  • Major Hannes Nortmann
  • Sergeant Rihan Rupping
  • Captain Petrus van Zyl – Operation Moduler
  • Lieutenant Tobias de Vos – Operation Moduler

In fiction

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In the 2006 film Blood Diamond, Leonardo DiCaprio's Rhodesian character "Danny Archer" was a former member of 32 Battalion.

In the 2013 film Elysium, Sharlto Copley's character "Kruger" was an ex-member of 32 Battalion.[9]

In the 2023 film Freelance, Marton Csokas’ character “Colonel Jan Koehorst” is a former member of 32 Battalion.

In the 2023 Book Okavango by French author Caryl Férey, multiple characters are former members of 32 battalion.

Roll of Honour

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32 Battalion Tree of Honour
  • 1980: Alberto,R., Rfn[10]: 1763 [a]
  • 1980: Albino,B., Rfn[10]: 1767 [a]
  • 1980: Almeido,P., Rfn[10]: 1764 
  • 1987: Alves,J.R., 2Lt[10]: 10 [a]
  • 1980: Angelo,S., Rfn[10]: 1765 [a]
  • 1984: Antonio,D., Rfn[10]: 15 
  • 1987: Antonio,G., Rfn[10]: 16 [a]
  • 1985: Antonio,P., Rfn[10]: 18 [a]
  • 1984: Antonio,D., Rfn[10]: 36058 
  • 1983: Augusto,J., Rfn[10]: 30 
  • 1980: Augusto,M., Rfn[10]: 1766 [a]
  • 1984: Aurelio,A., Cpl[10]: 31 [a]
  • 1982: Bambi,M., Rfn[10]: 41 [a]
  • 1982: Baptist,J., Rfn[10]: 32 
  • 1987: Batisda,A.N.D., Cpl[10]: 56 [a]
  • 1980: Braz,S.D., Sgt[10]: 1713 [a]
  • 1978: Britz,R.N., 2Lt[10]: 162 
  • 1987: Cassela,D., Rfn[10]: 200 [a]
  • 1985: Chihamba,J.C., Rfn[10]: 206 [a]
  • 1980: Chipa ,A.F., Rfn[10]: 36617 
  • 1985: Chipoya,Z., Rfn[10]: 208 [a]
  • 1980: Coetzee,M.C., Cpl[10]: 1722 [a]
  • 1979: Coetzee,S.W., 2Lt[10]: 237 [a]
  • 1982: Conroy,J., Sgt[10]: 248 
  • 1983: Da Silva,G.P., Rfn[10]: 274 [a]
  • 1984: Da Silva,L.A., Rfn[10]: 275 
  • 1982: Dala,F., Rfn[10]: 276 
  • 1987: Dala,G., Rfn[10]: 277 [a]
  • 1984: Dala,J., Rfn[10]: 278 [a]
  • 1985: De Almeida,A., Rfn[10]: 289 [a]
  • 1987: De Klerk,M.M., L-Cpl[10]: 310 [a]
  • 1979: De Vos,W.A., 2Lt[10]: 332 [a]
  • 1982: Denge,D.D., Rfn[10]: 345 [a]
  • 1983: Du Randt,G.H., Sgt[10]: 388 [a]
  • 1985: Dumbe,L., L-Cpl[10]: 404 [a]
  • 1980: Engelbrecht,E.C., Cpl[10]: 1724 [a]
  • 1980: Erasmus,A., Capt[10]: 1698 [a]
  • 1980: Falkus,A.J., L-Cpl[10]: 1735 [a]
  • 1985: Fernando,J., Rfn[10]: 450 [a]
  • 1980: Francisco,J., Cpl[10]: 1726 [a]
  • 1991: Geldenhuys,H.M., Maj[10]: 491 
  • 1980: Gericke,B.Z., Sgt[10]: 1714 [a]
  • 1980: Grobler,D.H., Cpl[10]: 1727 [a]
  • 1985: Jamba,J.E., Rfn[10]: 629 [a]
  • 1987: Joao,E., L-Cpl[10]: 642 [a]
  • 1982: Joao,Y., Cpl[10]: 643 [a]
  • 1985: Joaquim,M., Rfn[10]: 644 [a]
  • 1981: Jose,A., Wrn[10]: 1892 
  • 1982: Jose,M., Cpl[10]: 659 [a]
  • 1985: Kahete,P.K., Rfn[10]: 669 [a]
  • 1985: Kalonga,K., Rfn[10]: 486 [a]
  • 1987: Kapepura,E.N., Rfn[10]: 673 [a]
  • 1987: Kapinga,P., Rfn[10]: 674 [a]
  • 1983: Kasera,E., Rfn[10]: 677 [a]
  • 1983: Kativa,J.D., Rfn[10]: 679 
  • 1977: Keulder,G., 2Lt[10]: 688 [a]
  • 1988: Kibanguka ,N., Sgt[10]: 36618 
  • 1985: Kinguelele,M.A., L-Cpl[10]: 703 [a]
  • 1987: Kuyler,M.J., Tpr[10]: 762 [a]
  • 1981: Lahner,D.F., 2Lt[10]: 2088 
  • 1985: Light,D.G., Lt[10]: 815 [a]
  • 1984: Malongo,I., Rfn[10]: 877 [a]
  • 1987: Mananza,J.R., L-Cpl[10]: 878 [a]
  • 1983: Mande,A., Cpl[10]: 879 [a]
  • 1982: Manuel,A.P., Rfn[10]: 884 
  • 1977: Maquinda,J.M., Rfn[10]: 36619 
  • 1987: McCallum,A.D., Capt[10]: 934 [a]
  • 1987: Meyer,J.R., Tpr[10]: 956 [a]
  • 1985: Muema,M., Rfn[10]: 1004 [a]
  • 1980: Muller,C. de J., Lt[10]: 1702 [a]
  • 1983: Nambi,J., Rfn[10]: 1026 [a]
  • 1988: Ndinu,A., Rfn[10]: 1032 [a]
  • 1982: Nel,P.J.S., 2Lt[10]: 1046 [a]
  • 1978: Opperman,A.L., 2Lt[10]: 1097 [a]
  • 1980: Patrick,T.S., 2Lt[10]: 1708 [a]
  • 1984: Paulo,C., Cpl[10]: 36643 
  • 1977: Pedro,R., Rfn[10]: 36620 
  • 1986: Pedro,V.R., Cpl[10]: 1125 
  • 1985: Sachilombo,J.A., L-Cpl[10]: 1246 [a]
  • 1980: Sophia,E., L-Cpl[10]: 1744 
  • 1982: Stewart,P.T., Cpl[10]: 1346 [a]
  • 1988: Stoop,S.P., Gnr[10]: 1357 
  • 1976: Swart,C.J., 2Lt[10]: 1380 [a]
  • 1987: Tchipango,W., L-Cpl[10]: 1400 [a]
  • 1978: Theron,C.J., Sgt[10]: 1410 [a]
  • 1987: Tolosi,K., Rfn[10]: 1430 [a]
  • 1985: Van der Vyver,J.A., Maj[10]: 1566 
  • 1980: Van Der Walt,P., 2Lt[10]: 1710 [a]
  • 1975: Van Der Walt,P.J., Rfn[10]: 1459 
  • 1980: Van Wyk,M., Cpl[10]: 1732 [a]
  • 1979: Victor,D.J., Rfn[10]: 1598 [a]
  • 2001: Jacobs,J.D., Rfn[10]: 1857 [a]

Leadership

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[11]

32 Battalion Leadership
From Commanding Officers To
1975 Colonel Jan Breytenbach 1977
1977 Col Gert Nel 1978
1978 Col Deon Ferreira (Falcon) 1983
1984 Col Eddie Viljoen (Big Daddy) 1988
22 November 2024 Col Jock Harris 22 November 2024
1988 Col Mucho Delport 1993
From Regimental Sergeants Major To
1978 WO1 Pep Van Zyl 1980
1980 WO1 Ickes Uekermann 1982
1983 WO1 PW van Heerden 1983
1984 WO1 Fanie Joubert 1985
1985 WO1 Piet Nortje 1987
1988 WO1 Tallies Botha 1991
1992 WO1 Tienie Geldenhuys 1993

Insignia

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Dress Insignia

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SADF era 32 Battalion insignia

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp This person is marked on the Fort Klapperkop Memorial wall with an * as having died during operations or in combat.

References

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  1. ^ a b Nortje, Piet (2003). 32 Battalion. Zebra Press. ISBN 978-1-86872-914-2.
  2. ^ De Lancey, Blaine (November 1992). "…meanwhile, in South Africa, the bloody capitalist-apartheid regime remains…". Syracuse University. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
  3. ^ International Defence and Aid Fund, January 1982
  4. ^ "An interim report on the conduct of members of 32 Battalion at Phola Park on 8 April 1992" (PDF). Goldstone Commission of Inquiry Regarding the prevention of Public Violence and Intimidation. Human Rights Institute of South Africa. 1992-06-10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-20. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
  5. ^ "Statement on Battalion 32's rampage through Phola Park". Department of Information and Publicity. 1992-04-10. Archived from the original on July 8, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
  6. ^ Terblanche, Christelle; Fabricus, Peter (2004-03-14). "Koevoet, 32 battalion and the coup plot..." Independent Online. Archived from the original on 2009-08-17. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
  7. ^ Timberg, Craig (25 September 2004). "African Coup Plot Leaves Kin Bereft". Washington Post Foreign Service. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  8. ^ Once Upon a Coup. PBS Documentary. August 2009. Archived from the original on 2016-12-04. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
  9. ^ "First Look at Sharlto Copley in Neill Blomkamp's 'Elysium'". Rogue (company). Archived from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn Dovey, John. "SA Roll of Honour: 32 (Buffalo) Battalion". justdone.co.za. Just Done Productions Publishing. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  11. ^ "TRC Final Report". SABC. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2015.

Further reading

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