The South Asian diaspora, also known as the Desi diaspora,[1] is the group of people whose ancestral origins lie in South Asia, but who live outside the region.[2] There are over 44 million people in this diaspora.[3]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/220px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png)
Names
editSouth Asians in the diaspora are often referred to as Desis, a term embraced by many South Asians, though controversial to some.[4][5][6]
History
editAncient era
editSome South Asians lived in other parts of the world for trade purposes. During the Roman Empire, a few South Asians came to Europe.[7]
Medieval era
editRomani people
editColonial era
editDuring the colonial era, over 1 million South Asians were taken to other parts of the world as indentured servants.[9] South Asians also were brought to parts of Southeast Asia as part of the British Empire.[10]
Diaspora members played a significant role in opposing the British Raj as part of the Ghadar Movement.
Some South Asians, mainly from Punjab, migrated to the West Coast in the United States, and mixed with the local Mexican community.[11]
Post-colonial era
editSouth Asians have emigrated in record numbers since the end of the colonial era in the middle of the 20th century. Many South Asians migrated to the United Kingdom and participated in its post-war economic recovery.[12][13] Some South Asians went to the Middle East for labour opportunities, though some were mistreated in a racist manner and exploited.[14][15] After the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 that allowed nonwhite immigration was passed, Indian-Americans became the richest ethnic group in the United States, and comprise over 10% of the labour force in computing-related fields.[16]
Because South Asians had already dispersed across the world during the colonial era, a noted aspect of the diaspora is that some of its members' families transited through several countries over generations to reach a final destination (e.g. a person's ancestors may have come from India to Africa, and then a few generations later from Africa to New Zealand).[17]
Culture
editCinema
editSome people in the diaspora watch South Asian cinema (mainly Bollywood), and some South Asian films feature diaspora characters. The Hindi-language Bollywood industry has played a significant role in uniting the diaspora around Hindi as a common language for exploring its South Asian heritage.[18] The diaspora's proficiency in English has also led to South Asian media catering to them using Hinglish, a hybrid of Hindi and English.[19]
Sport
editSouth Asians introduced some of their traditional games, such as kabaddi and kho-kho, into countries like South Africa and Malaysia during the colonial era.[20][21][22] In post-colonial times, kabaddi and kho-kho have been brought by the diaspora to some of the Western countries,[23][24][25] with kabaddi used in some contexts to show masculinity in hostile environments.[26]
Cricket has been patronised by the diaspora in North America and the Middle East,[27] with the American Major League Cricket mainly targeting the diaspora audience.[28][29][30]
Music
editDesi pubs
editCommunity relations
editWithin the diaspora
editSouth Asian diasporas represent a wide variety of linguistic, cultural, ethnic, and religious groups from across the subcontinent.[31] There are sometimes tensions between these different groups within the diaspora. For example, the Hindu-Muslim tensions created by the 1947 Partition of India sometimes manifest themselves in divisions among Hindus and Muslims in the diaspora, particularly between those of Indian descent and those of Pakistani or Bangladeshi descent.[32][33] These tensions have been noted more frequently among the diaspora in the United Kingdom since incidents such as the Babri Masjid demolition and the 2014 election of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India.[34][35][36]
Discrimination based on the caste system occurs to some extent primarily within the Hindu diaspora; in America, a non-scientific survey showed 67% of lower-caste Dalits had experienced caste discrimination in the workplace,[37] and in California, there was heated debate within the diaspora as to whether to pass legislation explicitly banning caste discrimination.[38]
The diaspora and South Asia
editDiaspora communities have been noted for providing crucial economic support and remittances to countries within South Asia.[39] India has issued diaspora bonds in certain crisis situations, such as the 1991 Indian economic crisis,[40] and has given increasing priority to involving its diaspora.[41] Diaspora graduates from MIT played a significant role in establishing the Indian Institutes of Technology.[42]
Tensions have occurred between South Asian countries and their diasporas over support for separatist movements, as in the case of India and its Punjabi diaspora over the Khalistan movement.[39] These tensions have sometimes boiled over to harming relations between South Asian countries and the host countries of the diaspora, as with the 2023 Canada-India diplomatic row.[43]
The diaspora and its host countries
editThe Hindu diaspora has come under some scrutiny in its host countries for playing an increasingly significant role in promoting Hindu nationalism, with some diaspora members disapproving of the scrutiny and opposing Hindu nationalism.[44][45][46][47]
Some Punjabis have joined gangs in recent decades in Canada.[48]
In popular culture
editNorth America
editIn the United States, representation of the South Asian diaspora has steadily increased; in previous decades, Apu of The Simpsons had been the most prominent South Asian representation, but now there is significantly more varied representation, with comedians like Hasan Minhaj achieving success.[49]
Video games
editVenba is a video game that depicts themes of Tamil-Canadian immigration by exploring Tamil cuisine.[50]
Thirsty Suitors explores romantic relationships involving a South Asian-American protagonist.[51]
See also
editSouth Asian sub-diasporas
edit- Indian diaspora
- Pakistani diaspora
- Bangladeshi diaspora
- Sri Lankan diaspora
- Afghan diaspora
- Maldivian diaspora
Other topics
edit- Indian Arrival Day, commemorating the arrival of indentured labourers
- Commonwealth diaspora, including other groups of former British subjects
References
edit- ^ "The Desi Diaspora: Politics, Protest, and Nationalism". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
- ^ Rai, Rajesh; Reeves, Peter (2008-07-25). The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-10595-3.
- ^ Shah, Muhammad Hamza; Roy, Sakshi; Ahluwalia, Arjun (2023). "Time to address the mental health challenges of the South Asian diaspora". The Lancet Psychiatry. 10 (6): 381–382. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00144-x. ISSN 2215-0366.
- ^ Khanduri, Ritu Gairola (2 October 2014). Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-107-04332-9.
- ^ "What term best describes those from the Indian subcontinent? It depends on who you ask". NBC News. 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
- ^ Sircar, Anisha (2020-12-08). "Is the term 'Desi' offensive? Some South Asian Americans think so". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
- ^ Kaur, Raminder (2011). "'Ancient cosmopolitanism' and the South Asian diaspora". South Asian Diaspora. 3 (2): 197–213. doi:10.1080/19438192.2011.579458. ISSN 1943-8192.
- ^ "Suriname verwijdert buste koloniale tijd". www.nd.nl (in Dutch). 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
- ^ Bose, Neilesh (2020-12-10). South Asian Migrations in Global History: Labor, Law, and Wayward Lives. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-12468-4.
- ^ Clarke, Colin; Peach, Ceri; Vertovec, Steven (1990-10-26). South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37543-6.
- ^ Seller, Maxine S.; Weis, Lois (1997-03-13). Beyond Black and White: New Faces and Voices in U.S. Schools. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1942-8.
- ^ Ballard, Roger (2003), "The South Asian presence in Britain and its transnational connections", Culture and Economy in the Indian Diaspora, Routledge, pp. 209–234, doi:10.4324/9780203398296-15, ISBN 978-0-203-39829-6, retrieved 2023-11-03
- ^ "India's diaspora is bigger and more influential than any in history". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
- ^ Rana, Junaid (2011). Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in the South Asian Diaspora. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4911-2.
- ^ "A Tale of Two Nomads: Racism and Migrant Labor in the Middle East". Harvard International Review. 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
- ^ Gabbay, Liat Klain (2019-09-11). Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-1-78985-431-2.
- ^ Barkan, Elliott Robert (1999-05-30). A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-0-313-06497-5.
- ^ Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David (2014-01-03). Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-01824-4.
- ^ Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (2011). Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341639-5.
- ^ Mahabir, Dr Kumar. "Disappearing Ancient Games In The Caribbean". Academia.
- ^ Department of Sport and Recreation - Annual Report 2007-2008 https://www.kzndsr.gov.za/
- ^ Desk, NewsonRadar (2023-10-04). "Asian Games: Indian connect in Malaysia's men's kabaddi team". News On Radar. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
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- ^ DHNS. "Kabaddi is now cool sport, thanks to Bollywood, corporates". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
- ^ "British Indians fall in love with 'Kho Kho', reconnect with roots". The Indian Express. 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
- ^ Kukreja, Reena (2023-03-16). "Using indigenous sport as resistance against migrant exclusion: Kabaddi and South Asian male migrants in Greece". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 49 (5): 1173–1190. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2022.2036954. ISSN 1369-183X.
- ^ KANCHANA, RADHIKA (2020-06-29). "Cricket, an oddity in the Arab-Gulf lands or a mirror of an enduring South Asian diaspora?". Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos (28): 121–135. doi:10.15366/reim2020.28.007. ISSN 1887-4460.
- ^ Khan, Yusuf. "Major League Cricket Is Here—in a Minor-League Baseball Stadium". WSJ. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
- ^ Kasi, Brashna (2023-08-01). "MLC: Cricket breaks new ground as America's South Asian diaspora gets a taste of T20 extravaganza". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
- ^ "Media Companies Eye Cricket-Loving Diaspora in the U.S." The New York Times.
- ^ Jacobsen, Knut A.; Kumar, Pratap (2018-08-14). South Asians in the Diaspora: Histories and Religious Traditions. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-0140-7.
- ^ Mohammad-Arif, Aminah; Moliner, Christine (2007-10-16). "Introduction. Migration and Constructions of the Other: Inter-Communal Relationships amongst South Asian Diasporas". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal (1). doi:10.4000/samaj.136. ISSN 1960-6060.
- ^ Mohammad-Arif, Aminah (2007-10-16). "The Paradox of Religion: The (re)Construction of Hindu and Muslim Identities amongst South Asian Diasporas in the United States". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal (1). doi:10.4000/samaj.55. ISSN 1960-6060.
- ^ Burlet, Stacey; Reid, Helen (1995). "Cooperation and conflict: The South Asian diaspora after Ayodhya". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 21 (4): 587–597. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1995.9976514. ISSN 1369-183X.
- ^ "Leicester: Why the violent unrest was surprising to many". BBC News. 2022-09-24. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
- ^ Murray, Jessica; Khan, Aina J.; Syal, Rajeev (2022-09-23). "'It feels like people want to fight': how communal unrest flared in Leicester". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
- ^ "Even in the US, South Asians say caste has proved hard to escape". CNN. 2020-09-04. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
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- ^ a b Talbot, Ian (2016-01-01). A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19694-8.
- ^ "Finance and Development". Finance and Development | F&D. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
- ^ Kahali, Aloke (2017-11-05). "Diaspora engagement: need for paradigm shift – Indian perspective". Diaspora Studies. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1080/09739572.2016.1239432. ISSN 0973-9572.
- ^ "Uncovering the rich connections between South Asia and MIT". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
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- ^ "20. The Diaspora and Hindu Nationalism", Hindu Nationalism, Princeton University Press, 2009-01-10, pp. 361–369, doi:10.1515/9781400828036.361, ISBN 978-1-4008-2803-6, retrieved 2023-11-07
- ^ Deuskar, Nachiket (2023-05-16). "Hindutva is increasingly influencing the Hindu diaspora – and extending Indian politics overseas". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
- ^ "After Moosewala's murder, spotlight back on (Punjabi) gangs of Canada". The Indian Express. 2022-06-26. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
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- ^ "Venba: A video game about a South Indian immigrant's story one recipe at a time". The Indian Express. 2022-12-04. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
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