The southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), also known as the Sundaland pig-tailed macaque and the Sunda pig-tailed macaque,[2] is a medium-sized macaque that lives in Sundaland, southern Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It is known locally as beruk.[3]
| Southern pig-tailed macaque[1] | |
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| At the Prague Zoo, Czech Republic | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Genus: | Macaca |
| Species: | M. nemestrina
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| Binomial name | |
| Macaca nemestrina | |
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| Southern pig-tailed macaque range | |
| Synonyms | |
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List
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Etymology and taxonomy
editThe species epithet, nemestrina, is an adjective (derived from Latin Nemestrinus, meaning "the god of groves") modified to agree in gender with the feminine generic name.[4] M. nemestrina formerly included the northern pig-tailed, Pagai Island, and Siberut macaques as subspecies.[1] All four are now considered separate species.
In the 19th century, bruh was the native name used by Malays in Sumatra for the macaque.[5][6][7]
Description
editAs with other Macaca species, males are larger than females; while males are measured at 50–58 cm (20–23 in) in length and 5–12 kg (11–26 lb) in weight, females are measured at 38–48 cm (15–19 in) in length and 4.5–6 kg (9.9–13.2 lb) in weight.[8] This macaque has buff-brown fur, with a darker dorsal area and lighter ventral area. Its common name refers to the short tail held semi-erect, resembling the tail of a pig.
Behaviour and ecology
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M. nemestrina is mainly terrestrial, but also a skilled climber. Unlike almost all primates, these macaques love water. They live in large groups that split into smaller groups during daytime when they are foraging. They are omnivorous, feeding mainly on fruits, seeds, berries, cereals, fungi, and invertebrates. A study in peninsular Malaysia found them to be the primary, and perhaps the only, seed dispersers of the rattan species Calamus calicarpus (syn. Daemonorops calicarpa) and Calamus castaneus.[9]
There is a hierarchy among males, based on strength, and among females, based on heredity. Thus, the daughter of the alpha female will immediately be placed above all other females in the group. The alpha female leads the group, while the male role is more to manage conflict within the group and to defend it.
Female gestation lasts around 5.7 months.[10] She will give birth to one infant every two years. Weaning occurs at 4–5 months. Sexual maturity is reached at 3–5 years.
In Thailand, they have been trained for 400 years to harvest coconuts.[11]
Habitat and distribution
editThis macaque is mostly found in rainforest up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), but will also enter plantations and gardens.[12]
It is found in the southern half of the Malay Peninsula (only just extending into southernmost Thailand), Borneo, Sumatra and Bangka Island.[1] There are reports of the species having been present in Singapore before 1950, but these were likely escaped pets.[13] The only pig-tailed macaques in Singapore today are introduced monkeys.[2]
Interaction with humans
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2023) |
Since the 19th century, monkeys including the southern pig-tailed macaque, have been used by humans to harvest coconuts in southeast Asia.[14][15]
References
edit- ^ a b c Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c Ruppert, N.; Holzner, A.; Hansen, M.F.; Ang, A.; Jones-Engel, L. (2023) [errata version of 2022 assessment]. "Macaca nemestrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T12555A223433999. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T12555A223433999.en.
- ^ "Taxonomy of Macaca nemestrina". Primate Info Net. National Primate Research Center via University of Wisconsin System Board of Regents. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
- ^ Fooden, J. (1975). "Taxonomy and evolution of liontail and pigtail macaques (Primates : Cercopithecidae)" (PDF). Fieldiana Zoology. 67: 169. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3016.
- ^ Raffles, Thomas Stamford (1821). "XVII. Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity, under the Direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough; with additional Notices illustrative of the Natural History of those Countries". The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 13: 239–274. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1821.tb00064.x.
- ^ Ogilby, William (1850). The Menageries. The Natural History of Monkeys, Opossums, and Lemurs. Nattali & Bond. p. 376.
- ^ Blyth, Edward (1863). Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum Asiatic Society. Savielle & Cranenburgh. p. 7.
- ^ "Southern Pig-Tailed Macaque". New England Primate Conservancy. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ Rupert, Nadine; et al. (2014). "A Key Role of the Southern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina (Linnaeus) in Seed Dispersal of Non-climbing Rattans in Peninsular Malaysia" (PDF). Asian Primates Journal. 4 (2): 42–51. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
- ^ Cawthon Lang, KA (September 2010). "Pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Primate Factsheets. University of Wisconsin – via primate.wisconsin.edu.
- ^ "What's Funny About the Business of Monkeys Picking Coconuts?". NPR. October 19, 2015.
- ^ Payne, J.; Francis, C.M. (1998). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah: The Sabah Society. ISBN 967-99947-1-6.
- ^ Corlett, R.T. & Lucas, P.W. "Mammals of Bukit Timah". The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore Supplement No. 3 (PDF). Singapore Botanic Gardens: National Parks Board. p. 98. ISSN 0374-7859. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
- ^ "Monkeys Trained as Harvesters".
- ^ "Monkeys still forced to pick coconuts in Thailand despite controversy". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021.
Further reading
edit- Maestripieri, D (1999). "Changes in Social Behavior and Their Hormonal Correlates during Pregnancy in Pig-tailed Macaques" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 20 (5): 707–718. doi:10.1023/A:1020752702529.
- Rodman, PS (1991). "Structural differentiation of microhabitats of sympatric Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina in East Kalimantan, Indonesia". International Journal of Primatology. 12 (4): 357–375. doi:10.1007/BF02547617.
- Oi, T (1990). "Patterns of dominance and affiliation in wild pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina nemestrina) in West Sumatra". International Journal of Primatology. 11 (4): 339–356. doi:10.1007/BF02193005.