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Italy–Spain relations

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Italy–Spain relations are the interstate relations between Italy and Spain. Both countries established diplomatic relations some time after the unification of Italy in 1860.

Italian-Spanish relations
Map indicating locations of Italy and Spain

Italy
Spain
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Italy, MadridEmbassy of Spain, Rome

Both nations are member states of the European Union (and both nations utilize the euro as currency) and are both members of the Council of Europe, OECD, NATO, Union for the Mediterranean, and the United Nations.

History

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Precedents

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In 218 BC, the Romans, coming from Italy, conquered the Iberian Peninsula, which later became the Roman province of Hispania. The Romans introduced the Vulgar Latin, the ancestor of the Romance languages,[1] which are spoken in both current-day countries of Italy and Spain. As a result of the conquest, mining extractive processes in the southwest of the peninsula (which required a massive number of forced laborers, initially from Hispania and latter also from the Gallic borderlands and other locations of the Mediterranean), increased by leaps and bounds, bringing the interaction of slaving and ecocide, entailing far-reaching environmental outcome in terms of pollution records, unmatched in the Mediterranean region until the Industrial Revolution.[2][3] Rome's imperial authority over Hispania receded and was ultimately severed in the 5th century, during the Migration period. The Rome-based Latin Church would go on to hold nonetheless substantial clout over Christian polities of the Peninsula for the rest of the middle ages.

After 1557, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Kingdom of Naples, and the Duchy of Milan under the Catholic Monarchy hitherto ruled by the Council of Aragon became ruled by the newly created Council of Italy,[4] as a cog of the polysynodial system underpinning the administration of the Habsburg empire, a composite monarchy. The Kingdom of Sardinia remained for the time being ruled by the Council of Aragon.[5] The Council of Italy was dissolved for good in the wake of the Peace of Utrecht.[6][7]

Establishment of diplomatic relations

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After the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel II as King of Italy in 1861 Spain failed to initially recognise the country, still considering Victor Emmanuel as the "Sardinian King".[8] The recognition was met by the opposition of Queen Isabella II of Spain, influenced by the stance of Pope Pius IX.[9] Once Leopoldo O'Donnell overcame the opposition of the Queen, Spain finally recognised the Kingdom of Italy on 15 July 1865.[10] Soon later, in 1870, following the dethronement of Isabella II at the 1868 Glorious Revolution, the second son of Victor Emmanuel II, Amadeo I, was elected King of Spain, reigning from 1871 until his abdication in 1873.

Situation after World War I

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Despite some incipient attempts to promote further understanding between the two countries, immediately after the end of World War I, there were still issues restraining further Italian-Spanish engagement in Spain. This includes a sector of public opinion showing aversion towards Italy; a prominent example being Austria-born Queen Mother Maria Christina.[11]

Rapprochement between the Mediterranean dictatorships

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Once dictators Benito Mussolini (1922) and Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923) got to power, conditions for closer relations became more clear, with the notion of a rapprochement to Italy becoming more interesting to the Spanish Government policy, particularly in terms of the profit those improved relations could deliver to Spain vis-à-vis the Tangier question.[11] For Italy, the installment of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera offered a prospect for greater ascendancy over a country with a government now widely interested in the reforms carried out in Fascist Italy.[12] Relations during this period were often embedded in a diplomatic triangle between France, Italy, and Spain. While showing a will for friendship and rapprochement, the "Treaty for Conciliation and Arbitration" signed in August 1926 between the two countries delivered limited substance in practical terms, compared to the expectations at the starting point of the Primorriverista dictatorship.[13]

A diplomatic "honeymoon" between the two regimes followed the signing of the treaty, nonetheless.[14]

Conspirations against the Spanish Republic

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The early monarchist conspirations against the Second Spanish Republic enjoyed support from Mussolini.[15] One of the most important Italian communities in Spain resided in Catalonia as well as the Italian economic interests in Spain lied there, hence that region became a significant point of attention for the Italian diplomacy during the Spanish Second Republic, and the Italian diplomacy established some contacts with incipient filo-fascist elements within Republican Left of Catalonia, including Josep Dencàs, although Italy eventually went on to bet on Spanish fascism.[16] Although both monarchists from Renovación Española, the traditionalists and the Fascist falangists engaged in negotiations asking help from Fascist Italy regarding the preparations of the 1936 coup d'état, Mussolini decided not to take part at the time.[15]

Italian intervention in the Spanish Civil War

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Italian tankettes advancing with a flame thrower tank during the battle of Guadalajara.
See also: Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War

After 18 July 1936 and the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, Mussolini changed the strategy and intervened on the side of the Rebel faction.[15] The Corps of Volunteer Troops (CTV), a fascist expeditionary force from Italy, brought in about 78,000 Italian troops, sent to help Franco and vowing to establish a Fascist Spain and a Fascist Europe.[17] In 1937, key military actions in which the CTV took part included the battles of Málaga, Bermeo, Santander and the fiasco of Guadalajara. Between 1938 and 1939, according to the historian Rodrigo Javier, "the Italians were crucial to the success of the Rebel army...in breaking through and stabilizing the Aragon front, in the occupation of Barcelona and Girona and in concluding the Levantine campaign".[18]

 
Spanish Republican poster decrying the Italian intervention in the Spanish Civil War: 'The Italian invader's claw wants to enslave us'.

Italian submarines carried out a campaign against Republican ships, also targeting Mediterranean ports together with surface ships.[19] The Italian Regia Marina also provided key logistical support to the Rebels, including escort of commercial shipment transporting war supplies,[20] and, seeking to facilitate the naval blockade on the Republic, it also allowed the Rebel Navy the use of anchorages in Sicily and Sardinia.[21]

See also: Italian occupation of Majorca

Italians forces in the Balearic Islands established an air base of the Aviazione Legionaria in Mallorca, from which Italians were given permission by the rebel authorities to bomb locations across the Peninsular Levante controlled by the Republic (including the bombings of Barcelona investigated as crimes against humanity).[22] A Fascist squadristi, Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi, led a wild repression in the Balearic islands.[23]

World War II

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During World War II, 1939 to 1943, Spanish-Italian ties were close. Though Italy fought alongside Germany during the war, Spain was recovering from a civil war and remained neutral. In February 1941, the meeting between Mussolini and Franco in Bordighera took place; during the meeting the Duce asked Franco to join the Axis.[24]

The fall of Mussolini came as a shock to the Franco administration. During the first few weeks the tightly-censored Spanish press limited themselves to laconic, matter-of-fact information when providing news on the Italian developments.[25] However, after the Italian-American armistice had been made public, the Spanish papers extensively quoted the official German statement, which lambasted the Italian treason. Some Spanish officers sent their Italian military decorations back to the Italian embassy in Madrid.[26]

Since mid-September 1943 two Italian states, the one headed by Mussolini and the one headed by king Victor Emmanuel III, competed for Spanish diplomatic recognition; the German diplomatic representatives in Madrid pressed the case of Mussolini, the Allied ones advised strongly against it.[27] Following a period of hesitation, in late September Spain declared it would continue its official relations with the Kingdom of Italy.[28]

The Italian ambassador in Madrid Paulucci di Calboli opted for the Badoglio government, even though some Italian consuls in Spain declared loyalty to Mussolini.[29] The Spanish ambassador in Fascist Italy, Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta, formally remained at the post of the Spanish representative in the Kingdom, though he returned to Madrid; in practice before the Badoglio administration Spain was represented by lower-rank officials.[30] However, Spain maintained informal relations with the Repubblica Sociale Italiana. The former Italian consul in Málaga, Eugenio Morreale, became an unofficial Mussolini representative in Madrid;[31] the Spanish consul in Milan, Fernando Chantel, became an unofficial Franco representative in RSI.[32]

In practice, Spain maintained distance towards both the so-called Kingdom of the South and the RSI. Badoglio sought Madrid's good offices to expedite negotiations with the Allies, but he was turned down. Major Fascist figures who sought Spanish passports were almost always denied assistance.[33] During the final months of the war new ambassadors were appointed by both Spain (José Antonio de Sangróniz y Castro) and the Kingdom of Italy (Tommaso Gallarati Scotti), though Sangróniz arrived no earlier than in May 1945.[34]

Cold War

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After World War II, the Francoist dictatorship provided financial support to post-fascist Italian party Italian Social Movement (MSI), by means of a scheme set up by foreign minister Alberto Martín-Artajo.[35] Starting in the 1960s, Franco also provided support to Ordine Nuovo and National Vanguard, also lending sanctuary to putschist Junio Valerio Borghese in 1970, with Spain henceforth serving as a den for some Italian far-right terrorists, who eventually played themselves a role in the so-called Spanish Transition.[35]

21st century

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Nowadays, Italy and Spain are full member countries of the European Union (EU), NATO, and the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM). Bilateral relations between the two countries are very close due to the historical ties that unite them and due to their membership in the EU. Meetings between governments and at the business level are frequent. All of this is reflected in economic exchanges marked by a very significant weight.[36][37]

Diplomatic relations under the EU have been mired by underlying issues of common mistrust between both countries; cultural proximity and common challenges notwithstanding.[38] They underwent a period of "freezing cold" during the simultaneous premierships of Mariano Rajoy and Matteo Renzi, who did not get along on a personal level.[38] Both governments outlined plans for the empowerment of a Madrid-Rome axis vis-à-vis EU negotiations of post COVID-19 reconstruction during the second cabinet of Italian prime minister Giuseppe Conte, with Pedro Sánchez as his Spanish counterpart.[39] The arrival of Mario Draghi to Italian premiership, however, further distanced the position between both countries, contrasting to the hitherto "relative alignment" cultivated by Conte.[40]

In November 2021, Italian President Sergio Mattarella made a state visit to Spain, and was received by King Felipe VI at the Royal Palace of Madrid.[41]

 
Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni with Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez in Rome, 5 April 2023

In January 2022, Spain proposed to Italy the signing of a Friendship Treaty between the two countries. Spanish foreign minister Albares proposed to his Italian counterpart Di Maio the "relaunch" of the relationship between the parliaments of Spain and Italy and raised the prospect of creating an investment forum between companies from both countries pertaining to projects making use of EU funds.[42][43] In November, the Italian Prime Minister, Giorgia Meloni, stated that cooperation on energy, "real economy" and immigration will continue, strengthening bilateral relations within the common framework of the EU and NATO.[44]

Cultural exchange

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During the Age of Discovery, famous Italian explorers and travelers were part of modern Spanish history. Examples include Amerigo Vespucci, Christopher Columbus and Francesco Guicciardini.[45][46][47]

Diaspora

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See also: Italians in Spain

A Eurostat publication in 2016 estimated that 187,847 Italian citizens live in Spain and 19,094 Spanish citizens live in Italy.[48]

Resident diplomatic missions

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  •  
    Embassy of Italy in Madrid
  •  
    Consulate-General of Italy in Barcelona
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    Embassy of Spain in Rome
  •  
    Building hosting the Consulate-General of Spain in Milan

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Fergus Millar (1992). El Imperio Romano y sus pueblos limítrofes. ISBN 968-23-0886-0.
  2. ^ Gosner, L. (2016). "Extraction and empire: multi-scalar approaches to Roman mining communities and industrial landscapes in southwest Iberia". Archaeological Review from Cambridge. 31 (2): 125–126.
  3. ^ Padilla Peralta, Dan-el (2020). "Epistemicide: the Roman Case". Classica. 33 (2): 161–163. ISSN 2176-6436.
  4. ^ Barrios, Feliciano (2015). La Gobernación de la Monarquía de España. Consejos, Juntas y Secretarios de la administración de corte (1556-1700). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales. pp. 527–530. ISBN 978-84-340-2266-9.
  5. ^ Barrios 2015, p. 528.
  6. ^ Barrios 2015, pp. 532–533.
  7. ^ * Pere Molas i Ribalta Colegiales mayores de Castilla en la Italia española, en Studia historica. Historia moderna, ISSN 0213-2079, Nº 8, 1990 , pags. 163-182.
  8. ^ López Vega & Martínez Neira 2011, p. 96.
  9. ^ López Vega & Martínez Neira 2011, pp. 96, 98.
  10. ^ López Vega & Martínez Neira 2011, p. 99.
  11. ^ a b Sueiro Seoane 1987, pp. 185–186.
  12. ^ Domínguez Méndez 2013, p. 238.
  13. ^ Tusell & Saz 1982, pp. 443–445.
  14. ^ Tusell & Saz 1982, p. 444.
  15. ^ a b c Saz-Campos 1981, p. 321.
  16. ^ González i Vilalta 2009, pp. 11–12.
  17. ^ Rodrigo 2019, pp. 86–87.
  18. ^ Rodrigo 2019, pp. 87, 91.
  19. ^ Campo Rizo 1997, pp. 75–77.
  20. ^ Campo Rizo 1997, pp. 70–71.
  21. ^ Campo Rizo 1997, p. 73.
  22. ^ Aguilera Povedano 2019, pp. 285–286.
  23. ^ Aguilera Povedano 2019, p. 291.
  24. ^ Payne 1998, p. 110.
  25. ^ Eszter Katona, Relaciones ítalo-españolas en el periodo 1943-1945, [in:] Antoni Segura, Andreu Mayayo, Teresa Abelló (eds.), La dictadura franquista. La institucionalització d’un régim, Barcelona 2012, ISBN 9788491687139, p. 672
  26. ^ Katona 2012, p. 675
  27. ^ Katona 2012, pp. 676-678
  28. ^ Katona 2012, p. 677
  29. ^ those in Barcelona, Málaga and Tetuan. Consuls in San Sebastián and Sevilla opted for Badoglio, Katona 2012, pp. 678-679
  30. ^ Katona 2012, pp. 680-681
  31. ^ Katona 2012, p. 679
  32. ^ Katona 2012, p. 681
  33. ^ Payne 1998, p. 112.
  34. ^ Katona 2012, p. 682
  35. ^ a b Val, Eusebio (22 September 2016). "Franco financió al neofascismo". La Vanguardia.
  36. ^ "Italia: relaciones comerciales con España y sectores de oportunidad". CEOE. 20 October 2020.
  37. ^ "Presidente italiano ve a Málaga ejemplo de la "profunda amistad" con España". Cadena COPE. 16 November 2021.
  38. ^ a b Abellán, Lucía; Verdú, Daniel (30 September 2019). "Las dos potencias del sur de Europa se dan la espalda". El País.
  39. ^ "Sánchez y Conte apuestan por potenciar el eje Roma-Madrid dentro de la UE". Agencia EFE. 20 October 2020.
  40. ^ Verdú, Daniel; Cué, Carlos E. (18 June 2021). "Italia y España ponen a prueba su alianza en la era Draghi". El País.
  41. ^ "Visita de Estado de su Excelencia el presidente de la república italiana, Sr. Sergio Mattarella". Casa de Su Majestad el Rey. 16 November 2021.
  42. ^ "España pide a Italia firmar un tratado de amistad entre ambos países". Swissinfo. 13 January 2022.
  43. ^ "España propone a Italia firmar un tratado de amistad entre ambos países". Agencia EFE. 13 January 2022.
  44. ^ "Meloni dice que Italia y España seguirán cooperando en materia energética, economía real e inmigración". Europa Press. 3 November 2022.
  45. ^ "Américo Vespucio". Biografías y Vidas: la enciclopedia biográfica en línea.
  46. ^ "Exploradores y viajeros por España y el nuevo mundo (Cristóbal Colón)". Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.
  47. ^ "Exploradores y viajeros por España y el nuevo mundo (Francesco Guicciardini)". Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.
  48. ^ "Europe: where do people live? | World news". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 2016-08-01.

Bibliography

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