Wikipedia

Special Boat Service

(Redirected from Special Boat Section)

The Special Boat Service (SBS) is the special forces unit of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The SBS can trace its origins back to the Second World War when the Army Special Boat Section was formed in 1940.[3] After the Second World War, the Royal Navy formed special forces with several name changes—Special Boat Company was adopted in 1951 and re-designated as the Special Boat Squadron in 1974—until on 28 July 1987 when the unit was renamed as the Special Boat Service after assuming responsibility for maritime counter-terrorism. Most of the operations conducted by the SBS are highly classified, and are rarely commented on by the British government or the Ministry of Defence, owing to their sensitive nature.[4][5]

Special Boat Service
Cap badge of the Special Boat Service[1][2]
Active1940–present
Country United Kingdom
Branch Royal Navy[2]
TypeSpecial forces
RoleSpecial operations
Counter-terrorism
SizeOne regiment
Part ofUnited Kingdom Special Forces
Garrison/HQRM Poole, Dorset, England
Motto(s)"By Strength and Guile"[1]
Engagements

The Special Boat Service is the maritime special forces unit of the United Kingdom Special Forces and is described as the sister unit of the British Army 22 Special Air Service Regiment (22 SAS), with both under the operational control of the Director Special Forces. In October 2001, full command of the SBS was transferred from the Commandant General Royal Marines to the Commander-in-Chief Fleet.[6] On 18 November 2003, the SBS were given their own cap badge with the motto "By Strength and Guile".[1][6] SBS operators are mostly recruited from the Royal Marines Commandos.[7]

Role

edit

The principal roles of the SBS are Surveillance and Reconnaissance (SR), including information reporting and target acquisition; Offensive Action (OA), including the direction of air strikes, artillery and naval gunfire, designation for precision guided munitions, use of integral weapons and demolitions; and Support and Influence (SI), including overseas training tasks.[8] The SBS also provides immediate response Military Counter Terrorism (CT) and Maritime Counter Terrorism (MCT) teams.[8]

The operational capabilities of the SBS and the SAS are broadly similar. However, the SBS (being the principal Royal Navy contribution to UKSF) has the additional training and equipment required to lead in the maritime, amphibious and riverine environments. Both units come under the operational command of HQ Directorate of Special Forces (DSF) and undergo an identical selection process.[9]

History

edit

Origin: Second World War

edit

Roger Courtney became a commando in mid-1940 and was sent to the Combined Training Centre at Achnacarry in Scotland. He was unsuccessful in his initial attempts to convince Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes and later Admiral Theodore Hallett, commander of the Combined Training Centre, that his idea of a folding kayak brigade would be effective. He decided to infiltrate HMS Glengyle, an infantry landing ship anchored in the River Clyde. Courtney paddled to the ship, climbed aboard undetected, wrote his initials on the door to the captain's cabin, and stole a deck gun cover. He presented the soaking cover to a group of high-ranking Royal Navy officers meeting at a nearby Inveraray hotel. He was promoted to captain and given command of twelve men as the first Special Boat Service/Special Boat Section.[10]

The unit, on the shores of Sannox, Isle of Arran, was initially named the Folboat Troop, after the type of folding canoe employed in raiding operations and then renamed No. 1 Special Boat Section in early 1941.[11] One training exercise required SBS members to navigate folboats 140 miles (230 km) over 3 days and 3 nights from Ardrossan to Clachan, via the Isle of Kerrera, where they reconnoitred and sketched RAF Oban.[12] Attached to Layforce, it moved to the Middle East.[13] The unit worked with the 1st Submarine Flotilla based at Alexandria and did beach reconnaissance of Rhodes, evacuated troops left behind on Crete, and carried out a number of small-scale raids and other operations.[11] In December 1941 Courtney returned to the United Kingdom where he formed No2 SBS,[11] and No1 SBS became attached to the Special Air Service (SAS) as the Folboat Section.[14] In June 1942 they took part in the Crete airfield raids. In September 1942 eight men of the SBS carried out Operation Anglo, a raid on two airfields on the island of Rhodes; all but two of the men were captured after carrying out their mission. Destroying three aircraft, a fuel dump and numerous buildings, the two uncaptured SBS men had to hide in the countryside for four days before they could reach the waiting submarine.[15] After the Rhodes raid, the SBS was absorbed into the SAS due to the heavy casualties they had suffered.[16][nb 1]

 
Cockles MK II

The Royal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment (RMBPD) was formed on 6 July 1942, and based at Southsea, Portsmouth.[18] The RMBPD was under the command of Royal Marines Major Herbert 'Blondie' Hasler with Captain J. D. Stewart as second in command.[18] The detachment consisted of 34 men and was based at Lumps Fort, and often exercised in the Portsmouth Harbour and patrolled the harbour boom at nights.[18][19]

 
A Special Boat Service corporal sharpening his knife before combat on a boat in the Aegean Sea, July 1944

In April 1943, 1st SAS was divided, with 250 men from the SAS joining the Small Scale Raiding Force to form the Special Boat Squadron under the command of Major the Earl Jellicoe.[20] They moved to Haifa and trained with the Greek Sacred Regiment for operations in the Aegean.[21]

They later operated among the Dodecanese and Cyclades groups of islands in the Dodecanese Campaign and took part in the Battle of Leros and the Battle of Kos. They, with the Greek Sacred Band, took part in the successful Raid on Symi in July 1944 in which the entire German garrison was either killed or captured. In August 1944 they joined with the Long Range Desert Group in operations in the Adriatic, on the Peloponnese, in Albania, and, finally, in Istria. So effective were they that, by 1944, the 200–300 men of the SBS were holding down six German divisions.[22]

Throughout the war, No.2 SBS did not use the Special Boat Squadron name but instead retained the name Special Boat Section. They accompanied US Major General Mark Clark ashore before the Operation Torch landings in October 1942 on Operation Flagpole. Later, one group, Z SBS, which was based in Algiers from March 1943, carried out the beach reconnaissance for the Salerno landings and a raid on Crete, before moving to Ceylon to work with the Special Operations Executives, Force 136 and later with Special Operations Australia. The rest of No. 2 SBS became part of South-East Asia Command's Small Operations Group, operating on the Chindwin and Irrawaddy rivers, and in the Arakan, during the Burma campaign.[23]

Although their roles always overlapped to some extent, the various canoe and boat units became more specialised from late 1942 onwards. The RMBPD focused on ship attack and harbour sabotage, the Special Boat Section and Combined Operations Pilotage Parties (COPP) undertook covert beach surveys, and the Special Boat Squadron engaged in raiding, sabotage and reconnaissance above the high-water mark.[3]

Post-war era

edit

In 1946, the SBS, whether of Commando or SAS parentage, was disbanded.[24] The RMBPD was the only British Special Forces unit to survive the end of World War II intact, and one of three Special Service units to survive (the other two being the RM Commandos and the Parachute Regiment). In 1946, the RMBPD became the School of Combined Operations Beach and Boat Section (SCOBBS) at Fremington, Devon.[25][26] Lt-Col "Blondie" Hasler RM became the adviser to SCOBBS and wrote the pamphlet "General Notes on the Use of Special Parties". The basic SCOBBS course of fourteen weeks covered the range of skills of the wartime COPPS, SRU, SBS and Detachment 385. In October 1947 SCOBBS dropped the word School from its name and moved to RM Eastney to become the Small Raids Wing (SRW) of the Amphibious School, Royal Marines. The school's Chief Instructor Norman Tailyour established the Royal Marines Special Boat Sections taking on the roles proposed in Hasler's paper.[27] Their first missions were in Palestine, involving ordnance removal, and limpet mine removal from ships in Haifa.[24] The SBS went on to serve in the Korean War, deployed on operations along the North Korean coast, as well as operating behind enemy lines destroying lines of communication, installations and gathering intelligence. During the Korean War the SBS operated from submarines like their wartime predecessors.[24]

In the early 1950s, NATO doctrine for the defence of Western Europe called for a rapid fall-back to the west bank of the Rhine River, a natural defensive barrier. Royal Navy Rhine Flotilla’s SBS detachment had the task of demolishing the bridges over the river as well as destroying the many river barges on the river. The SBS teams of a radio operator and two SBS swimmer-canoeists would then stay behind on the eastern side of the river providing reconnaissance and intelligence and to sabotage Warsaw Pact forces logistics. 2 SB Section, and later also the newly formed 3 SB Section, were part of the Rhine Squadron until around 1958 and took part in all major British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) exercises when they would be joined by 4 and 5 SB Section, formed from the Royal Marines Reserve.[28]

In 1952, SBS teams were held at combat readiness in Egypt in case Gamal Abdel Nasser's revolution turned more violent than it did. The SBS were also allegedly operating in Cyprus during the emergency and on alert during the Suez Crisis of 1956 and coup against King Idris I of Libya (1959), but in the cases of Egypt and Libya, not seeing action.[29] In 1961, SBS teams carried out reconnaissance missions during the Indonesian Confrontation (see Operation Claret).[30] In the same year, Iraq threatened to invade Kuwait for the first time, and the SBS put a detachment at Bahrain. In 1972, the SBS came into prominence when members of a combined SBS and RAOC[31] team parachuted into the Atlantic Ocean after a bomb threat on board the cruise liner Queen Elizabeth 2. A thorough search of the ship found no evidence of any device drawing the conclusion that it was a hoax.[32] The SBS conducted operations in Northern Ireland during The Troubles including with submarines.[33] In January 1975, two SBS kayak teams were inserted from HMS Cachalot to conduct an anti gun running operation in the area between Torr Head and Garron.[33]

Special Boat Squadron

edit

In 1973, their name was changed to the Special Boat Squadron and in 1980 the SBS relinquished North Sea oil rig protection to Comacchio Company, Royal Marines.[34] In 1982, after the Argentinian invasion of the Falkland Islands, they deployed to South Georgia. The only losses to the SBS during the Falklands War occurred when the SBS and SAS were operating behind the lines and two members of the SBS were shot, one fatally, by an SAS patrol, who had mistaken them for Argentinians.[35]

Special Boat Service

edit

In 1987, they were renamed Special Boat Service, and became part of the United Kingdom Special Forces Group alongside the Special Air Service and 14 Intelligence Company. In the Gulf War, there was no amphibious role assigned to the SBS. An "area of operations line" was drawn down the middle of Iraq; the SAS would operate west of the line and the SBS to the east. As well as searching for mobile Scud missile launchers, the SBS's assigned area contained a mass of fibre-optic cable that provided Iraq with intelligence; the location of the main junction of the network was 32 miles from Baghdad. On 22 January 1991, 36 SBS members were inserted by two Chinook helicopters from No. 7 Squadron RAF into an area full of Iraqi ground and air forces as well as spies and nomads. The SBS team managed to avoid these and destroyed a 40-yard section of the cable with explosives, neutralising what was left of the Iraqi communication grid.[36] The SBS also carried out one of its most high-profile operations when it liberated the British Embassy in Kuwait, abseiling from helicopters hovering above the embassy.[37] They also carried out diversionary raids along the Kuwaiti coast which diverted a number of Iraqi troops away from the main thrust of the coalition buildup, to the SBS area of operations.[35]

In September 1999, about 20 SBS members contributed to the Australian-led International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) in East Timor.[38] Together with the Australian Special Air Service Regiment and the New Zealand Special Air Service they formed INTERFET's special forces element, named Response Force.[39][40] Response Force departed from Darwin by C-130 Hercules transport aircraft and flew into Dili tasked with securing the airport, a seaport and a heli-port to enable regular forces to land and deploy. The SBS were filmed driving a Land Rover Defender out of a Hercules.[39][40][41] Response Force was then used to perform a variety of tasks including direct action and special reconnaissance throughout East Timor. The British forces, including the SBS, withdrew in December 1999.[39][40] Sergeant Mark Andrew Cox was awarded the Military Cross after his patrol came under fire from pro-Indonesian militia.[42][43]

21st century

edit

Sierra Leone

edit

In September 2000, the SBS, integrated with the SAS, were involved in Operation Barras, a hostage rescue operation in Sierra Leone that successfully rescued five captured Royal Irish Regiment soldiers.[44][45][46]

Afghanistan

edit
 
SBS with U.S. Delta Force at the Battle of Tora Bora

In November 2001, C and M squadron SBS had an extensive role in the invasion of Afghanistan at the start of the War in Afghanistan, notably, members of M squadron, alongside members of SIS, were involved in the Battle of Tora Bora.[47][48][49] The SBS was integrated directly into Task Force Sword – a Black unit, under direct command of JSOC, this was a so-called hunter-killer force whose primary objective was capturing or killing senior leadership and High-value targets within al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Troops from C squadron (reinforced by teams from X and Z squadron, with at least one SEAL attached to them) were tasked with several missions, some with Abdul Rashid Dostum's Northern Alliance forces at Mazar-e-Sharif. On 10 November, C squadron inserted into the recently captured Bagram Airbase, which caused an immediate political quandary with the Northern Alliance leadership which claimed that the British had failed to consult them on it before the deployment, in addition to fighting with Dostum's forces, they worked alongside TF Sword in Shah-i-Kot Valley.[50] [51] Members of M squadron SBS, were involved in a prison revolt during the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi, members of the SBS along with US and Northern Alliance troops eventually quelled the uprising, however during one close air support mission, a misdirected JDAM bomb wounded four SBS personnel to various degrees. In appreciation for the SBS contribution to the battle, the CIA attempted to recognise the personnel with US decorations, but due to military and political bureaucracy, the decorations were never awarded. The SBS continued to work with Task Force Sword and the CIA.[52][53]

In Spring 2005, the Director of Special Forces re-balanced British special forces deployments so that Afghanistan would be the responsibility of the SBS and Iraq would be the 22 SAS Regiment's.[54] In Spring 2006, the British military deployed over 4,000 troops to southern Afghanistan and the SBS were assigned to take the lead in supporting the deployment.[55] The SBS were part of Task Force 42[56] the British contingent in the Joint Special Forces command; their deployment with other British special forces units was codenamed Operation Kindle (similar to the SAS and other British SF deployment in Iraq, known as Operation Crichton);[57] the SBS carried out missions all over southern Afghanistan with AgustaWestland Apache helicopters.[58] Along with training and mentoring Afghan Provincial Response Companies, Afghan police tactical units the operated jointly with Coalition SOF, TF 42 conducted operations in direct support of the British Battle Group deployed in Helmand Province and for ISAF SOF Command and operations directly for the Americans in pursuit of high-value targets.[56] The main objective of the SBS (and later on other British special forces units with Afghan forces) was targeting Taliban leaders and drug barons using "Carrot and stick" tactics.[59] On 27 June 2006, a 16-man unit from C Squadron and members of the Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR) carried out Operation Ilois: an operation that silently captured four Taliban leaders in compounds on the outskirts of Sangin, Helmand province. As they returned to their Land Rover vehicles, they were ambushed by an estimated 60–70 Taliban insurgents, with one vehicle disabled by RPG fire, the team took cover in an irrigation ditch and requested assistance while holding off the Taliban force. The Helmand Battle Group had not been informed of the operation until it went wrong; a Quick Reaction Force (QRF) made up of a platoon of Gurkhas responded but ran into another insurgent ambush; one SBS member was seriously injured in the ambush. After an hour-long gunfight (some sources say three hours[which?]), Apache attack helicopters, the Gurkha QRF and the 16-man unit, supported by a US A-10 Thunderbolt and two Harrier GR7s managed to break contact and return to the closest FOB; two of the four Taliban leaders were killed in the firefight while the other two escaped in the chaos. Upon reaching the FOB it was discovered that Captain David Patton, SRR, and Sergeant Paul Bartlett, SBS were missing—one was helping wounded out of a vehicle when he was shot and assumed killed, and the other went missing during the firefight. An RAF Chinook carrying a company from the Parachute Regiment took off to find them, a pair of Apaches spotted the bodies and the Paras recovered them. One SBS member was awarded the MC for his actions in the ambush.[60][58][61]

On 12 May 2007, an SBS team killed the Taliban leader Mullah Dadullah after JSOC and the ISA tracked him to a compound—where his associates were meeting—near Bahram Chah, Helmand province. The ISA confirmed he was there and an SBS reconnaissance element carried out reconnaissance of the compound which showed that Dadullah was protected by 20 insurgents. That night, with the ISA monitoring the target, the majority of C Squadron were inserted by RAF Chinook HC.2 helicopters while Apache helicopters provided cover. The troops stormed the compound and an hour long firefight took place as small groups of Taliban were hunted down and killed. Four SBS personnel were wounded (one seriously). Eventually Dadullah was shot in the chest and head, a brief site exploitation was conducted and the assault force was picked up by helicopter.[62][63] On 29 July 2007, members of the SBS were carrying out a special mission in Nimruz when they were involved in a firefight with Taliban insurgents, Lance Corporal Michael Jones was killed and three other members were wounded.[64][65][66] On 24 September 2007, members of C squadron SBS and the Italian SOF unit Col Moschin rescued two Italian intelligence agents who were kidnapped two days before by the Taliban in Herat province near Farah. Col Moschin parachuted onto a drop zone and marched overnight to surround the target compound, while the SBS were standing by in Lynx and Chinook helicopters to provide cut off groups in case the insurgents attempted to escape. A US Predator drone also supported the British and Italians. The insurgents brought the hostages out of the compound and loaded them into vehicles before the Italians were in position to rescue them, but the SBS closed in on the vehicles: aerial snipers using M82A1 anti-materiel rifles forced the vehicles to stop. A Chinook dropped off more than a dozen SBS personnel who engaged the Taliban who were disembarking the vehicles. Eight Taliban insurgents were killed and the hostages were rescued, although one died of gunshot wounds.[67][68][69]

On 18 February 2008, Taliban leader Mullah Abdul Matin and one of his sub-commanders, Mullah Karim Agha, along with several bodyguards were travelling through the desert near Gereshk, Helmand province on motorbikes when they were ambushed and killed by an SBS unit dropped into his path by helicopter.[70][71] In February 2009, members of the SBS took part in Operation Diesel, which resulted in the seizure of £50 million of heroin and the killing of at least 20 Taliban insurgents.[72] On 29 August 2009, Sergeant Lee Houltram of the SBS was killed by an IED during a Special Forces operation to destroy a bomb factory near Gereshk in Helmand province.[73][74] On 9 September 2009, an SBS team supported by the Special Forces Support Group (SFSG) rescued Times journalist Stephen Farrell from a Taliban safe house in Char Dara District, Kunduz Province after he and his Afghan interpreter had been captured by the Taliban while reporting on the Kunduz airstrike. The British special forces were forced to act when intercepted communications of the Taliban leader showed them discussing moving the hostages into Pakistan. They were inserted before dawn by 160th SOAR helicopters directly onto the target building. While the SFSG set up a cordon, the Afghan interpreter was accidentally shot and killed, and two civilians were killed by an explosive breaching charge on the compound. Although an SFSG soldier was killed, Farrell was successfully rescued.[75][76][77] On 1 July 2010 during an operation against insurgents in Haji Wakil, Helmand Province, Corporal Seth Stephens of the SBS was killed during a heavy firefight while clearing a compound, as a result of his actions during that operation, he was awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross.[78]

On 15 April 2012, during the Taliban attack on Kabul, SBS members cleared Taliban militants from a central location overlooking foreign embassies.[79] A heavily armed insurgent suicide squad occupied a six-storey, half-built tower block, and began firing small arms and RPGs on nearby buildings including the British and German embassies. SBS and Afghan troops fought a close quarters battle for eight-and-a-half hours to eventually clear the militants from the structure. The mission to end the siege is thought to have been one of the most decorated actions of Britain's involvement in Afghanistan, with several gallantry awards given to the participants. A combat assault dog, a Belgian Malinois known as Mali, received the Dickin Medal for his actions during the battle. Despite being badly injured by grenade shrapnel, Mali stayed by the side of his handler and continued to find safe routes for the British and Afghan troops as they fought their way up the tower floor-by-floor, preventing the operators from suffering major casualties.[80] On 23 December 2013, Captain Richard Holloway was serving with the SBS when he was killed by Taliban small arms fire while conducting an operation to suppress the Taliban in a joint SBS-Afghan forces raid (with air support) on Taliban insurgents in a valley east of Kabul ahead of the Afghanistan elections.[81]

Iraq

edit

In the 2003 invasion of Iraq, M Squadron deployed to Jordan as Task Force 7, which was part of Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force - West (CJSOTF-West) and were earmarked for a heliborne assault on several Iraqi oil facilities that had their own desert airstrips that once captured would be used for special operations forces' staging areas. In northern Iraq in early March, a small reconnaissance team from M Squadron mounted on Honda All-terrain vehicles inserted into Iraq from Jordan, its first mission was to conduct reconnaissance of an Iraqi air base at al-Sahara. The team was compromised by an anti-special forces Fedayeen unit and barely escaped thanks to a US McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle that flew air cover for the team and the bravery of an RAF Chinook that extracted the team under the Fedayeen's 'noses'.[82]

M Squadron launched a second operation at full strength ("Zero Six Bravo") in a mix of land rovers and ATVs into northern Iraq from H-2 Air Base, the objective was to locate, make contact and take the surrender of the Iraqi 5th Army Corps somewhere past Tikrit and to survey and mark viable temporary landing zones for follow-on forces. However the Squadron was compromised by a goat herder; the SBS drove for several days while unknown to them anti-special forces Fedayeen units followed them. At an overnight position near Mosul the Fedayeen ambushed the Squadron with DShK heavy machine guns and RPGs, the SBS returned fire and began taking fire from a T-72, the Squadron scattered and escaped the well-constructed trap. A number of Land Rovers became bogged down in a nearby wadi, so the troops mined the vehicles and abandoned them—though several did not detonate and were captured and exhibited on Iraqi television.[83] The SBS was now in three distinct groups: one with several operational Land Rovers was being pursued by the Iraqi hunter force, a second mainly equipped with ATVs was hunkered down and trying to arrange extraction, the third with just 2 personnel on an ATV raced for the Syrian border. The first group tried to call in coalition strike aircraft but the aircraft could not identify friendly forces because the SBS were not equipped with infra-red strobes—although their vehicles did have Blue Force Tracker units, they eventually made it to an emergency rendezvous point and were extracted by an RAF Chinook. The second group was also extracted by an RAF Chinook and the third group made it to Syria and was held there until their release was negotiated, there were no SBS casualties.[84]

M Squadron also had a 3-month tour in early 2003. Corporal Ian Plank, an SBS member attached to the SAS was killed by Iraqi insurgents during a house-to-house search for a wanted high-ranking Islamist terrorist in an insurgent compound in Ramadi on 31 October 2003, he was the first UKSF combat casualty of the Iraq War.[85] The SBS was also very active as part of Task Force Black, C squadron deployed to Baghdad as part of the task force in 2004, in its four-month deployment it mounted 22 raids.[86] On 23 July 2005, M squadron, supported by troops from the SAS and US forces carried out Operation Marlborough, killing three members of AQI.[87]

Libya

edit

On 27 February 2011, during the First Libyan Civil War, the BBC reported that C Squadron assisted in the evacuation of 150 oil workers in three flights by RAF C-130 Hercules from an airfield near Zella to Valletta in Malta.[88][89]

Nigeria

edit
Main article: Sokoto hostage rescue attempt

On 8 March 2012, a small SBS team, attempted to rescue two hostages, Chris McManus (British) and Franco Lamolinara (Italian), who were being held in Nigeria by members of the Boko Haram terrorist organisation that was loyal to al-Qaeda. The two hostages were killed by their captors before or during the rescue attempt. All the hostage takers were reportedly killed.[90]

United Kingdom

edit

On 21 December 2018, SBS personnel resolved a situation by storming the container ship Grande Tema where four stowaways hijacked the ship, demanding to enter the UK.[91]

On 25 October 2020, SBS personnel stormed the oil tanker Nave Andromeda south-east of the Isle of Wight. The vessel was suspected to have been hijacked by seven Nigerian stowaways seeking asylum in Britain, who were later handed over to Hampshire Police.[92][93]

Present day

edit

Organisation

edit

The Ministry of Defence does not comment on special forces matters, and there is consequently little verifiable information in the public domain.[94] The SBS is under the Operational Command of Director Special Forces and is based in Hamworthy barracks, Poole, Dorset.[44]

According to military sources in 2020, the SBS numbers about a couple of hundred personnel. Members are on standby at all times. While women have been eligible to join since 2018, there is no official information on women serving on the frontline.[93]

In 1987, when renamed the Special Boat Service, the SBS was also reformed along SAS lines, with 16-person troops (each equivalent to a platoon) instead of the traditional sections.[95] About 200–250 commandos make up the SBS at any one time,[96][97] and once qualified, personnel are known as "Swimmer Canoeists". They are experts in swimming, diving, parachuting, navigation, demolition and reconnaissance.[98]

Since the SBS joined the UKSF Group in the 1980s, it has been restructured. Instead of one squadron being tasked with a permanent role the unit adopted the same system of squadron rotation as the SAS.[99] Each Squadron rotates through counter terrorism duties and conventional operations and tasking. For example, in December 2001 C squadron was on MCT Role, and was called in to intercept the MV Nisha while M and Z Squadron were deployed in Afghanistan.[99]

The SBS Reserve (SBS(R)) provides individual reservists to augment the regular SBS.[100] Recruits need to be serving members of UK reserve forces and a high level of commitment is required.[100] The SBS(R) is based at various locations throughout the United Kingdom, but training is carried out in the South of England.[101]

Structure

edit

The structure of the SBS is as follows:[102][103]

  • C Squadron[104]
  • M Squadron
  • X Squadron
  • Z Squadron
  • SBS(R) R Squadron

The SBS has a subunit dedicated to operating Swimmer Delivery Vehicles (SDVs) known as the SDV Troop.[107][108][109]

Equipment

edit

In 2019, the SDV Troop operated three Mk8 Mod 1 SDVs, with an order to replace them with three new Mk11 SWCS SDVs.[110][111] An SDV can be housed in an Astute-class submarine's dry deck shelter.[110] SBS members are provided with assistance by Fleet Diving Group divers when using dry deck shelters.[110]

Fast Insertion/Interceptor Craft (FIC) are also in use with the SBS. They have a reported maximum speed of up to 55 knots and the hull features a highly stealthy design and advanced 'wave piercing' qualities. They are similar to the American Mark V Special Operations Craft.[112][113] The SBS use Klepper Aerius folding canoes,[114] Rigid Raiders,[115][116] Avon Searider Rigid Inflatable Boats (RIBs),[117] and Dräger LAR-V rebreathers.[115]

Recruitment, selection and training

edit

Pre-selection aptitude test

edit

Before progressing to joint UKSF selection, SBS aspirants must pass a 2-week aptitude test, which involves the following:[118]

  • Boating phase (1 week)
    • Combat fitness test
    • SBS swimming test
      • Swim 600 metres in 15 minutes
      • Swim 50 metres clothed with a weapon and belt
      • Swim 25 metres underwater while holding your breath
    • Multiple canoe trials including:
      • Carrying a folding canoe and fully loaded bergen for 3 miles (4.8 km)
      • 20-mile (32 km) canoe paddle
  • Diving phase (1 week)
    • Complete a number of dives with confidence and willingness
    • Learn and demonstrate diving drills with sufficient quality

UKSF selection

edit
See also: UK Joint Special Forces Selection

SBS candidates take part in Joint Special Forces Selection alongside SAS candidates, with their selection and training diverging after the end of the JSFS course. JSFS lasts ≈ 6 months. It is broken down into multiple phases, including cross-country marches in the aptitude phase and teaching and testing soldiering skills in the jungle phase. It also involves training in other fields, such escape and evasion and resistance to interrogation (RTI).[119]

Originally, the SBS had its own independent end-to-end selection programme to qualify as a Swimmer Canoeist, but its selection course was integrated into the joint UKSF selection course with candidates for the SAS. In the past, the SBS was staffed almost entirely by the Royal Marines. Today, all members of His Majesty's Armed Forces can be considered for special forces selection.[nb 2] Approximately 40% of all UK Special Forces are recruited from the Royal Marines.[121]

There are two selection courses each year: one in Winter and the other in Summer.[120] Candidates wishing to serve with the Special Boat Service must have completed at least two years regular service and are only accepted into the SBS after completion of the selection process.[122]

SC3 course

edit

After passing joint UKSF selection, at which point SAS aspirants have passed, SBS aspirants continue to the Swimmer Canoeist, Third Class[123][124] (SC3) course, sometimes called the boating and diving course.[125][126] It lasts eight weeks and covers specialist maritime skills such as canoeing, diving, boating, underwater navigation and demolition, negotiating surf zones, and submarine infiltration.[126][118] The course includes a 34-mile (55 km) course in a canoe. After passing the SC3 course, SBS aspirants have passed selection as a whole and join an operational troop on probation.[117] As SBS marines grow in experience and rank, they take the more advanced SC2 and then SC1 courses.[127][128]

Reserve selection

edit

For SBS(R) selection, only candidates with previous military experience are eligible to enlist. Training is carried out in the South of England and candidates are required to complete the following tests over the four-day initial selection course:

  • Combat Fitness Test (CFT) – 12.8 km (8 mi) carrying 25 kg (55 lb) within 1 hour 50 minutes.
  • Swim test – 500 m (1,600 ft) using any stroke in uniform and retrieve an object from 5 m (16 ft).
  • Gym tests.
  • Advanced CFT 1 – 15 km (9.3 mi) carrying 25 kg (55 lb).
  • Advanced CFT 2 – 24 km (15 mi) carrying 30 kg (66 lb).[101]

See also

edit

Notes and references

edit

Footnotes

  1. ^ The events of the raid were portrayed in the movie They Who Dare in 1954 starring Dirk Bogarde[17]
  2. ^ The regular elements of United Kingdom Special Forces never recruit directly from the general public.[120]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c OC SBS (November–December 2003). "The New SBS Cap Badge". The Globe & Laurel – The journal of the Royal Marines. Richmond, Surrey: Simpson Drewett & Co Ltd. ISSN 0017-1204.
  2. ^ a b "Col Richard Pickup – Obituary". The Daily Telegraph. 11 May 2009. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  3. ^ a b "Origins of the Special Forces | National Army Museum".
  4. ^ Secretary of State for Defence Geoffrey Hoon (14 January 2002). "Special Forces". UK Parliament. House of Commons Hansard. Archived from the original on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  5. ^ Knowles, Emily (July 2016). Britain's culture of no comment (Report). London: Remote Control; Oxford Research Group. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  6. ^ a b Wakely, S. (Spring 2004). "Cap Badge Inauguration Ceremony 18th November 2003". The Croaker.
  7. ^ "Special Boat Service". Royal Navy. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  8. ^ a b Royal Marines (August 2015). "'A Corps of Specialists' – A Careers Guide to The Royal Marines Specialisations" (PDF). Royal Navy (2015 ed.). p. 79. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2017.
  9. ^ Royal Navy (February 2022). "UK Joint Special Forces Selection – Assignment Process for RN/RM Candidates". BRD3 Volume 1 – Naval Personnel Management (PDF). Section 4 – Other Issues page 24, Chapter 91 – Royal Marines Other Ranks Promotion, Part 8 – Promotion. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  10. ^ Breuer 2001, pp. 46–47.
  11. ^ a b c Richards, p. 240
  12. ^ David, Saul (26 May 2022). SBS – Silent Warriors: The Authorised Wartime History. William Collins. p. 115. ISBN 978-0008394561.
  13. ^ Chappell, p. 15
  14. ^ Molinari, p. 25
  15. ^ Haskew, p. 54
  16. ^ "Obituary, Colonel David Sutherland". The Times. 16 March 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2010.[dead link]
  17. ^ "Obituary, Commander Michael St John". The Daily Telegraph. 22 March 2009. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  18. ^ a b c Rees 2008, p. 25.
  19. ^ "Operation Frankton". Royal Marines. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
  20. ^ Morgan, p. 15
  21. ^ Thompson, p. 55
  22. ^ Thompson, p. 56
  23. ^ Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (2001). "Special Boat Section". The Oxford Companion to World War II.
  24. ^ a b c Paul, James; Spirit, Martin (2008). "The Special Boat Service". Britain's Small Wars Site Index. Archived from the original (Web) on 4 March 2010.
  25. ^ Mammoth Book of Special Forces, Jon E. Lewis [page needed][ISBN missing]
  26. ^ Behind Enemy Lines; Captain Derek Oakley MBE RM, Royal Marines Historical Society
  27. ^ Blondie, Ewen Southby-Tailyour, Leo Cooper, London, 1998, Chapter 11
  28. ^ Sinai, Tamir (8 December 2020). "Eyes on target: 'Stay-behind' forces during the Cold War". War in History. 28 (3): 681–700. doi:10.1177/0968344520914345.
  29. ^ Dimitrakis, Panagiotis (2008). "The International journal of intelligence and counter intelligence". Taylor & Francis. 21 (2): 388. doi:10.1080/08850600701854474. ISSN 0885-0607. Allegedly, some members of the Special Air Service and the Special Boat Squadron (based abroad, not in Cyprus) conducted secret operations against EOKA members.
  30. ^ Kennedy, p. 209
  31. ^ "Welsh bomb disposal expert in 1970s QE2 drama". 30 March 2012.
  32. ^ "QE2 History". Chris' Cunard Page. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  33. ^ a b Hennessy & Jinks 2015.
  34. ^ "Other Marine units". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  35. ^ a b Van der Bijl & Hannon 1995, p. 16.
  36. ^ Cawthorne, Nigel, The Mammoth Book of Inside the Elite Forces, Robinson, 2008 ISBN 978-1845298210, p. 509
  37. ^ "The secretive sister of the SAS". BBC News. 16 November 2001. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
  38. ^ "Marines in spearhead". Navy News. Ministry of Defence: 1. October 1999. ISSN 0028-1670. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  39. ^ a b c Farrell 2000.
  40. ^ a b c Benjamin James Morgan (6 January 2006). "A Brief History of Australian Army Operations in East Timor, 1999–2005". Archived from the original on 23 October 2009.
  41. ^ "British troops start work in East Timor". BBC News. 20 September 1999. Archived from the original on 5 April 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  42. ^ "MC Award puts Royal Marine in record book". Navy News. Ministry of Defence: 2. December 2000. ISSN 0028-1670. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  43. ^ "No. 56017". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 November 2000. p. 12363.
  44. ^ a b Rayment, Sean (1 August 2004). "End your rift, SAS and SBS are told". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  45. ^ Feuerherm, Maj P. N. (2008). Joint special and conventional force integration: a model for all nations (PDF) (Master's thesis). Canadian Forces College. pp. 11, 15, 29–30. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  46. ^ "Operation Barras". National Army Museum. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  47. ^ Neville 2015.
  48. ^ Corera 2012, p. 338.
  49. ^ Sengupta, Kim (3 December 2001). "British forces to take part in assault on cave complex". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  50. ^ Neville 2015, pp. 29, 69–70.
  51. ^ Neville 2008.
  52. ^ Neville 2015, pp. 29, 72–75.
  53. ^ Smith, Michael (11 January 2003). "US honours Briton in Afghan raid". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
  54. ^ Urban 2012a, pp. 92–93.
  55. ^ Urban 2012a, p. 135.
  56. ^ a b Neville 2015, p. 146.
  57. ^ Neville 2016, p. 49.
  58. ^ a b Macy, Ed, Apache, Harper Perennial, 2009 ISBN 978-0007288175, pp. 2–3, 8–9
  59. ^ "British special forces member killed in Afghanistan". The Guardian. 2 July 2010. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  60. ^ Neville 2015, pp. 239–241.
  61. ^ "Killed NI soldier 'was due home". BBC News. 6 July 2006. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  62. ^ Neville 2015, pp. 241–242.
  63. ^ Leithead, Alastair (25 June 2007). "Long haul fight to defeat the Taliban". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  64. ^ "Royal Marine killed in Taliban fight named". The Telegraph. 1 August 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  65. ^ "Lance Corporal Michael Jones Royal Marines killed in Afghanistan". Government of the United Kingdom. 31 July 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  66. ^ "Dead UK Afghanistan marine named". BBC. 31 July 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  67. ^ Neville 2015, pp. 242–243.
  68. ^ "Elite UK troops rescue Italians in Afghanistan". The Guardian. 25 September 2007. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  69. ^ "British forces help free Italians in Afghanistan". the telegraph. 25 September 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  70. ^ Neville 2015, p. 242.
  71. ^ "Mullah Abdul Matin". The Scotsman. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  72. ^ Harding, Thomas (18 February 2009). "British forces in Afghanistan seize £50m of heroin and kill 20 Taliban". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  73. ^ "#IRemember: 'SAS Who Dares Wins' Stars Sign Up". forces.net. 27 November 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  74. ^ "Sergeant Lee Andrew Houltram, Royal Marines, killed in Afghanistan on 29 August". Government of the United Kingdom. 30 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  75. ^ Neville 2015, p. 243.
  76. ^ "British soldier killed during rescue of kidnapped journalist in Afghanistan". The Guardian. 9 September 2009. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  77. ^ Pierce, Andrew (9 September 2009). "Army anger as soldier killed saving journalist who ignored Taliban warning". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  78. ^ "Marine Cpl Seth Stephens shot in the head by Afghanistan insurgent". BBC News. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  79. ^ Stone, Mark (18 April 2012). "UK Troops Crucial in Ending Kabul Attack". Sky News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  80. ^ "Special forces dog wins 'animal Victoria Cross' for Taliban raid heroics". The Telegraph. 17 November 2017. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  81. ^ Farmer, Ben (27 November 2014). "Special Forces soldier died in perilous raid on Taliban haven". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  82. ^ Neville 2015, pp. 88–90, 121–122.
  83. ^ Urban 2012a, p. 148.
  84. ^ Neville 2015, pp. 122–123.
  85. ^ Urban 2012a, p. 31.
  86. ^ Urban 2012a, p. 88.
  87. ^ Urban 2012a, pp. 87–90.
  88. ^ Urban, Mark (19 January 2012). SAS on ground during Libya crisis. Newsnight (Television documentary). BBC Two (broadcast 18 January 2012). Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  89. ^ Davies, Caroline; Norton-Taylor, Richard (28 February 2011). "SAS assist in evacuation of British oil workers from Libyan desert". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  90. ^ Watt, Nicholas; Norton-Taylor, Richard; Vogt, Andrea (8 March 2012). "British and Italian hostages killed in Nigeria". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  91. ^ "Thames Estuary cargo ship 'stowaways' deny hijack bid". BBC. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  92. ^ "Tanker stowaways: 'Hijacking' ends after special forces storm ship". BBC News. 26 October 2020.
  93. ^ a b Defence, Dan Sabbagh (26 October 2020). "What do we know about the SBS?". The Guardian.
  94. ^ "Special forces quitting to cash in on Iraq". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  95. ^ Finlan, Alastair (2009). "The arrested development of UK special forces and the global war on terror". Review of International Studies. 35 (4). Cambridge University Press: 971–982. doi:10.1017/S0260210509990398. S2CID 59450530. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  96. ^ MacErlean, Neasa (20 January 2002). "The Special Boat Service". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014.
  97. ^ Almond, Peter; Elliott, John (20 March 2005). "Fallen SBS leader set up jungle rescue". The Times. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.
  98. ^ "Career Specialisations". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  99. ^ a b Lewis 2007.
  100. ^ a b "Special Boat Service Reserve". Royal Navy. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  101. ^ a b "Special Boat Service (Reserve)". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
  102. ^ "Special Boat Service (SBS) | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 7 January 2024. It is organized into four squadrons...
  103. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). The encyclopedia of Middle East wars: the United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq conflicts. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 1152. ISBN 9781851099481. The SBS consists of four squadrons: C, X, M, and Z, each containing around 60 men.
  104. ^ Urban 2012a, Target AQI.
  105. ^ Camsell 2001, p. 18, he was drafted direct to 5 Troop SBS, M squadron with me.
  106. ^ Lewis 2013, p. 17.
  107. ^ Lewis 2013, p. 29.
  108. ^ Parker 2013, p. 219.
  109. ^ Ministry of Defence (1 April 2013). "Tri-Service Regulations for Pay and Charges". Joint Service Publication 754 (18 ed.). p. 6-12-3. Retrieved 19 July 2022 – via MOAM.INFO.
  110. ^ a b c "In focus: Royal Navy submarine special forces delivery systems". Navy Lookout. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  111. ^ "United Kingdom – SEAL Delivery Vehicles (SDV) MK 11 Shallow Water Combat Submersibles (SWCS)". Defense Security Cooperation Agency (Press release). Transmittal No. 18-36. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  112. ^ Bush, Steve (2014). British Warships and Auxiliaries. Maritime Books. pp. 35–39. ISBN 978-1904459552.
  113. ^ "Fast Interceptor Craft". BAE Systems. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  114. ^ Thompson, Leroy (2005). Secret techniques of the elite forces: how to train and fight like the elite and special operations forces of the world. London: Greenhill [u.a.] p. 106. ISBN 9781853676529.
  115. ^ a b McCrery, Nigel (2021). "The SAS Today". The Complete History of the SAS. Welbeck Publishing. ISBN 9781787396968.
  116. ^ Miller, David; Bonds, Ray (2002). Illustrated Directory of Special Forces. Voyageur Press. p. 110. ISBN 9780760314197.
  117. ^ a b Stilwell, Alexander; Ryan, Mike; Mann, Chris (6 March 2014). The Encyclopedia of the World's Special Forces. Amber Books. ISBN 9781907446894.
  118. ^ a b Parker 2013, Epilogue.
  119. ^ Leigh, David (8 May 2004). "UK forces taught torture methods". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  120. ^ a b Ryan 2009, p. 17.
  121. ^ Royal Marines 2015, p. 78.
  122. ^ "How do you join the SBS (Special Boat Service)?". Royal Navy. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009.
  123. ^ Welham, Michael G. (19 January 2023). Combat Divers: An Illustrated History of Special Forces Divers. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 164. ISBN 9781472856029.
  124. ^ The Queen's Regulations and Admiralty Instructions for the Government of Her Majesty's Naval Service. H.M. Stationery Office. 1953. p. 20. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  125. ^ Cawthorne, Nigel (2012). "Qualification". The Mammoth Book of Inside the Elite Forces. Little, Brown Book. ISBN 9781780337319.
  126. ^ a b Bennett, Richard M (2011). "UK". Elite Forces. Random House. ISBN 9780753547649. SBS students go on to their own 8-week boating and diving course, including underwater navigation and demolition, negotiating surf zones and navigating a 55km course in the Klepper canoe, and infiltration via submarine. Following this Marines are rated as Swimmer Canoeist Class 3, and entitled to wear the badge of this specialist qualification on the left cuff of their blue and green dress uniforms, " SC" over a wreath.
  127. ^ Bennett, Richard M (2011). "UK". Elite Forces. Random House. ISBN 9780753547649. For Marines to be promoted to Corporal they must qualify as SC2 and to Sergeant SC3 [sic]. These advanced training courses emphasize operational planning and training supervision. Promotion to Sergeant also requires passing the Senior Command Course at the CTC, Lympstone in East Devon.
  128. ^ Davis, Paul K; Hamilton, Allen Lee (29 August 2023). Encyclopedia of Warrior Peoples and Fighting Groups. Grey House. p. 305. ISBN 9781592371167. At this point, one becomes a Swimmer Canoeist Third Class. Even more courses are required for promotion to SC Second and First Class, which gives one the rank of corporal and sergeant, respectively.

Bibliography

edit
  • Breuer, William B. (2001). Daring missions of World War II. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-40419-4.
  • Camsell, Don (2001). Black water : a life in the Special Boat Service. London: Virgin. ISBN 978-0753505120.
  • Chappell, Mike (1996). Army Commandos 1940–1945. Elite Series # 64. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-579-9.
  • Corera, Gordon (2012). MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-0753828335.
  • Farrell, John (2000). Peace Makers: INTERFETs Liberation of East Timor. Rocklea: Fullbore. ISBN 0-646-39424-X.
  • Haskew, Michael E. (2007). Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-577-4.
  • Hennessy, Peter; Jinks, James (2015). The silent deep: The Royal Navy Submarine Service since 1945. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1846145803.
  • Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 1-85285-417-0.
  • Kennedy, Greg (2005). British Naval Strategy East of Suez, 1900–2000: Influences and Actions. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5539-2.
  • Lewis, Damien (2007). Bloody Heroes (New ed.). London: Arrow Books. ISBN 978-1448165650. OCLC 851782794.
  • Lewis, Damien (2013). Zero Six Bravo : 60 special forces, 100,000 enemy, the explosive true story. London: Quercus. ISBN 9781782060826.
  • Molinari, Andrea (2007). Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-006-2.
  • Morgan, Mike (2000). Daggers Drawn: Second World War Heroes of the SAS and SBS. Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-2509-4.
  • Neville, Leigh (2015). Special Forces in the War on Terror. General Military. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1472807908.
  • Neville, Leigh (2008). Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan. Elite Series # 163. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1846033100.
  • Neville, Leigh (2016). The SAS 1983–2014. Elite Series # 211. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1472814036.
  • Owen, James (2012). Commando. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1-4087-0302-1.
  • Parker, John (2013) [1997]. SBS: The inside story of the Special Boat Service (Updated ed.). London: Headline. ISBN 978-1472202659.
  • Rees, Quentin (2008). The Cockleshell Canoes: British Military Canoes of World War Two. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley. ISBN 978-1-84868-065-4.
  • Richards, Brooks (2004). Secret Flotillas: Clandestine Sea Operations in the Mediterranean, North Africa and the Adriatic, 1940–1944. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5314-4.
  • Ryan, Chris (2009). Fight to Win. Century. ISBN 978-1-84605-666-6.
  • Thompson, Leroy (1994). SAS: Great Britain's Elite Special Air Service. Zenith Imprint. ISBN 0-87938-940-0.
  • Urban, Mark (2012a). Task Force Black: The Explosive True Story of the Secret Special Forces War in Iraq. St. Martin's: Griffin. ISBN 978-1250006967.
  • Van der Bijl, Nick; Hannon, Paul (1995). The Royal Marines 1939–93. Elite Series # 57. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-388-5.

Further reading

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Special Boat Service.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_Boat_Service&oldid=1255950916"