Sphenodontidae

Sphenodontidae is a family within the reptile group Rhynchocephalia, comprising taxa most closely related to the living tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). Historically the taxa included within Sphenodontidae have varied greatly between analyses, and the group has lacked a formal definition. Cynosphenodon from the Jurassic of Mexico has consistently been recovered as a close relative of the tuatara in most analyses, with the clade containing the two and other very close relatives of the tuatara often called Sphenodontinae. The herbivorous Eilenodontinae, otherwise considered part of Opisthodontia, is considered to be part of this family in many recent studies as the sister group to Sphenodontinae. The earliest Sphenodontines are known from the Early Jurassic of North America, with other remains known from the Late Jurassic of Europe, the Late Cretaceous and possibly Paleocene of South America and the Miocene-recent of New Zealand. Sphenodontines are characterised by a complete lower temporal bar caused by the fusion of a forward directed process (extension) of the quadrate/quadratojugal and the jugal, which was an adaptation for reducing stress in the skull during hard biting. Other synapomorphies of Sphenodontinae include the presence of nasal foramina, a posterodorsal process of the coronoid of the lower jaw, the present of caniniform successional teeth at the front of the jaws, the presence of flanges on the posterior parts of teeth at back of the lower jaw, and an expanded radial condyle on the humerus. Like modern tuatara, members of Sphenodontinae were likely generalists with a carnivorous/insectivorous diet.

Sphenodontidae Temporal range:
Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
Skeleton of Sphenofontis, a sphenodontine from the Late Jurassic of Germany
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Rhynchocephalia
Suborder:	Sphenodontia
Family:	Sphenodontidae Cope, 1870 (conserved name)
Type species
Hatteria punctata Gray, 1842
Subgroups
†Eilenodontinae? †Opisthias? †Trullidens? †Ankylosphenodon? †Derasmosaurus? †Pamizinsaurus †Zapatadon †Sphenovipera †Alamitosphenos Sphenodontinae †Cynosphenodon †Tika †Sphenofontis †Navajosphenodon †Kawasphenodon †Notosphenos Sphenodon
Synonyms
Hatteriidae Cope, 1864 (rejected name) Rhynchocephalidae Hoffmann, 1881 (rejected name)

Skeleton of Navajosphenodon from the Early Jurassic of North America, one of the oldest sphenodontines.

Illustration of the skull of Navajosphenodon in lateral view, showing closed temporal bar (bottom right)

Cladogram after Simoes et al. 2022:

Sphenodontia

†Diphydontosaurus Eusphenodontia †Planocephalosaurus †Clevosaurus Neosphenodontia †Homoeosaurus Pleurosauridae †Palaeopleurosaurus †Derasmosaurus †Pleurosaurus †Leptosaurus †Kallimodon Sapheosauridae †Piocormus †Oenosaurus †Sapheosaurus Sphenodontidae Eilenodontinae †Sphenotitan †Eilenodon †Toxolophosaurus †Priosphenodon Sphenodontinae †Navajosphenodon †Cynosphenodon †Sphenofontis †Kawasphenodon Sphenodon (tuatara)