The Scaled Composites Model 348 White Knight Two (WK2) is a quadjet cargo aircraft that was used to lift the SpaceShipTwo (SS2) spacecraft to release altitude. It was developed by Scaled Composites from 2007 to 2010 as the first stage of Tier 1b, a two-stage to suborbital-space crewed launch system. WK2 is based on the successful mothership to SpaceShipOne, White Knight, which itself was based on Proteus.
| White Knight Two | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Flying Spaceplane Carrier |
| Manufacturer | Scaled Composites |
| Designer | |
| Number built | 1 |
| History | |
| First flight | December 28, 2008 |
| Developed from | Scaled Composites White Knight |
With an "open architecture" [citation needed] design and explicit plans for multi-purpose use, the aircraft could also operate as a zero-g aircraft for passenger training or microgravity science flights, handle missions in high-altitude testing more generally, or be used to launch payloads other than SpaceShipTwo.[3] A study of use of the aircraft as a forest fire water bomber has also been mentioned, one that would utilize a large carbon composite water tank that could be quickly replenished to make repeat runs over fires.[3]
The first White Knight Two is named VMS Eve after Richard Branson's mother Eve Branson; it was officially unveiled on July 28, 2008, and flew for the first time on December 21, 2008. The second was expected to be named VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett after Branson's close friend Steve Fossett, who died in an aircraft accident in 2007.[4][5] As of 2024[update], it is not clear if any other SS2 and WK2 vehicles than VSS Enterprise, VSS Unity and VMS Eve will actually be built (especially, as of 2024, VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett has not been built).
History
editIn 2008, Virgin Galactic ordered two White Knight Two vehicles.[6] Together, WK2 and SS2 were to form the basis for Virgin Galactic's fleet of suborbital spaceplanes.
In November 2010, The Spaceship Company had announced that it planned to build at least three additional White Knight Two aircraft and an additional five SpaceShipTwo rocket planes, the aircraft to be built by Virgin after the initial prototypes of each craft are built by Scaled Composites.[7]
During 2012–2014, Virgin Galactic was also considering use of the WhiteKnightTwo as the air-launch platform for a new two-stage liquid-fueled rocket small satellite launcher called LauncherOne.[8] In the event—by late 2015—they decided to use a larger carrier aircraft for the job.[9]
Design
edit_cr8.jpg)
White Knight Two is roughly three times larger than White Knight in order to perform a captive flight with the larger SpaceShipTwo spacecraft. The WK2 is similar in wingspan to a Boeing B-29 Superfortress.[10] White Knight Two is a very modern aircraft, as even the flight control cables are constructed of carbon fiber, using a new patented design.[3]
WK2 was planned to provide preview flights offering several seconds of weightlessness before the suborbital event. It was intended to have a service ceiling of about 60,000 ft (18 km), offering a dark blue sky to passengers. This would have allowed tourists to practice before the real flight.[11]
White Knight Two is of twin fuselage design with four jet engines mounted two on each wing.[12] One fuselage was planned to be an exact replica of that of SpaceShipTwo (to allow tourist training), and the other was planned to offer 'cut-rate' trips to the stratosphere.[13]
The design is quite different from the White Knight, both in size, use of tail, engine configuration and placement of cockpit(s). The White Knight used two T-tails, but the White Knight Two uses two cruciform tails. Engine configuration is also very different. White Knight Two has four engines hung underneath the wings on pylons while White Knight's pair of engines were on either side of its single fuselage.
Timeline of introduction
edit_cr8.jpg)
Virgin Galactic contracted aerospace designer Burt Rutan to build the mothership and spacecraft.[14][15]
On January 23, 2008 the White Knight Two design was revealed.[16] On July 28, 2008 the completion and rollout of the first aircraft, Eve, (Tail Number: N348MS[17]) occurred at Scaled's Mojave headquarters. Branson predicted that the maiden space voyage would take place in 18 months: "It represents... the chance for our ever-growing group of future astronauts and other scientists to see our world in a completely new light."
On March 22, 2010 the VMS Eve completed its 25th flight, the first occasion it carried a SpaceShipTwo, VSS Enterprise. In a flight of 2 hours 54 minutes, it ascended to an altitude of 45,000 ft (14,000 m).[18]
The launch customer of White Knight Two was Virgin Galactic, which was planned to have the first two units, and exclusive rights to the craft for the first few years.
Flight test program
editAn extensive flight test program of VMS Eve, with nearly twenty flights between December 2008 and August 2009, was undertaken to validate the design and gradually expand the aircraft operating envelope.[19][20] The flight tests were complete by September 2009, and testing with SpaceShipTwo began in early 2010.[21]
Aircraft specifications
edit
Data from Virgin Galactic Presentation 2007[22]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2 (flight crew) + spaceship launch crew
- Capacity: payload 17,000 kg (37,479 lb)[23] to 50,000 ft (15,240 m). Planned 200 kg satellite to LEO when carrying a LauncherOne orbital launch vehicle (White Knight Two never carried a LauncherOne rocket on an orbital space launch mission, so this payload figure is theoretical).[24]
- Length: 78 ft 9 in (24 m)
- Wingspan: 141 ft 1 in (43 m)
- Powerplant: 4 × Pratt & Whitney Canada PW308 turbofan engines, 6,900 lbf (30.69 kN) thrust each
Performance
- Service ceiling: 70,000 ft (21,300 m) [23]
See also
edit
- Scaled Composites Proteus, predecessor to WhiteKnightOne
- Scaled Composites Stratolaunch Roc, derivative of WhiteKnightTwo
- SpaceShipTwo, payload for WhiteKnightTwo
- WhiteKnightOne, predecessor to WhiteKnightTwo
References
edit- ^ US patent D612791, Morgan, Robert & Tighe, James, "U.S. Design Patent 612,719 for the ornamental design for an aircraft", issued 2010-03-30
- ^ "WK2 Rollout Audio Clips (parts 4 & 6)". Movaje Skies. 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ^ a b c Leonard David (June 6, 2008). "Virgin Galactic Spaceline: Mega-Mothership Set for Rollout Debut". SPACE.com. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ^ Burack, Ari (10 October 2007). "Sir Richard Branson..." San Francisco Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
- ^ "Spaceship Company unveils design of SpaceShipTwo". Pravda Online. 2008-01-23. Archived from the original on 2008-01-28. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
- ^ Malik, Tariq (2008-01-23). "Virgin Galactic Unveils Suborbital Spaceliner Design". SPACE.com. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
- ^ Spacecraft factory to break ground in Mojave, Los Angeles Times, 2010-11-08, accessed 2010-11-09.
- ^ Rob Coppinger (11 July 2012). "Virgin Galactic Unveils LauncherOne Rocket for Private Satellite Launches". Space.com.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (2015-12-04). "Virgin Galactic Acquires Boeing 747 for LauncherOne Missions". Retrieved 2015-12-04.
- ^ "Something dangerous and new". thespacereview.com. August 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
- ^ Leonard David (11 August 2006). "Burt Rutan on Civilian Spaceflight, Breakthroughs, and Inside SpaceShipTwo". Space.com. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
- ^ Kenny Kemp (March 2007). Destination Space. Virgin Books.
- ^ Spencer Reiss (May 22, 2007). "Burt Rutan and Richard Branson Want You to Hit Space in High Style". Wired.com. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
- ^ bbc.co.uk, "Branson unveils space tourism jet" BBC News
- ^ "Virgin Galactic rolls out SpaceShipTwo's 'mothership'" newscientist.com,
- ^ "Virgin Galactic unveils model of SpaceShipTwo". New Scientist. 23 January 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
- ^ "FAA N Number Registration for "Eve"". Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
- ^ "First flight for SpaceShipTwo". Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
- ^ "NewSpace Journal". www.personalspaceflight.info.
- ^ "Scaled Composites, "White Knight Two Flight Test Summaries" (accessed 2009-10-01)".
- ^ "Scaled plans 50,000ft WhiteKnight Two flight by September". Flight International. Reed Business Information. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
- ^ Will Whitehorn and Alex Tai (2007-07-22). "Virgin Galactic presentation Oshkosh Theater in the Woods 2007". BrightCove.TV. Archived from the original on 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
- ^ a b Rob Coppinger (9 December 2008). "Virgin Galactic in SpaceShipThree talks". Flightglobal. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ^ Will Whitehorn (2009-10-27). International Astronautical Congress 2009: Civilian Access to Space (video, comments at c. 9:00). Daejeon, Korea: Flightglobal Hyperbola, Rob Coppinger.
External links
edit