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Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day

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Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day (French: Fête de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste, la Saint-Jean, Fête nationale du Québec), also known in English as St John the Baptist Day, is a holiday celebrated on June 24 in the Canadian province of Quebec.[1][2] It was brought to Canada by French settlers celebrating the traditional feast day of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist. It was declared a public holiday in Quebec[3][4][5][6] in 1925,[7] with publicly financed events organized province-wide by a Comité organisateur de la fête nationale du Québec.[8]

Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day
Saint-Jean-Baptiste parade, Montreal, June 24, 2006
Also calledFête de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste, St John the Baptist Day, La Saint-Jean, Fête nationale, National Holiday
Observed byQuebecers, French Canadians, French Americans/French Canadian Americans
TypeHistorical, cultural, national, religious
CelebrationsParades, bonfires, fireworks, feasting, drinking, musical concerts, flag waving, patriotic speeches, contests
DateJune 24
Next timeJune 24, 2025 (2025-06-24)
FrequencyAnnual

Origins

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Main article: Nativity of Saint John the Baptist

The feast day of Saint John the Baptist or Midsummer was a very popular event in the Ancien Régime of France, and it is still celebrated as a religious feast day in several countries, including Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Spain, Latvia, Ireland and Lithuania.[citation needed]

The tradition landed in Canada with the first French colonists. The first mention of celebrations of Saint-Jean-Baptiste in North America dates back to 1606, when settlers en route to the future Acadia rested on the coast of Newfoundland, June 23.[9] The second mention of celebrations, according to the Jesuit Relations, occurred on the banks of the Saint Lawrence River on the evening of June 23, 1636, with a bonfire and five cannon shots.

 
The green, white and red tricolour used by the Parti patriote between 1832 and 1838

In Lower Canada, the celebration of the nativity of St. John the Baptist took a patriotic tone in 1834 on the initiative of one of the founders of the newspaper La Minerve, Ludger Duvernay, who would later become the first president of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society. In the spring of 1834, Duvernay and other patriotes attended the celebrations of the first St. Patrick's Day, the celebration of the Irish diaspora, in Montreal. This would give him and others the idea of organizing something similar for all the Canadiens and their friends.[10]

On that June 24, George-Étienne Cartier's "Ô Canada! mon pays, mes amours" was first sung during a grand patriotic banquet gathering about sixty francophones and anglophones of Montreal,[11] in the gardens of lawyer John McDonnell, near the old Windsor Station. The Canada in the song refers to Lower Canada, today's southern Quebec. Rounds of toasts went to the Parti patriote, the United States, Ireland, and the Ninety-Two Resolutions.[12]

Two days later, La Minerve concluded: "This holiday, whose goal is to solidify the union of the Canadiens, will not go without bearing fruit. It will be celebrated annually as a national holiday and will not miss producing the happiest results."[13] The celebration recurred in 1835, 1836, 1837.

Following the defeat of the insurrectional movement during the Lower Canada Rebellion and the military repressions which followed, the day was not celebrated for several years.[10]

 
Drapeau Carillon Sacré-Cœur: A Carillon flag waved by people on Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day from its creation in 1902 until 1948. The current flag of Quebec is based on this design, and was adopted in 1948.

In 1834, Duvernay established the charitable Association Saint-Jean Baptiste in order to have the Saint-Jean-Baptiste celebrated that year. The association was chartered in 1849 with the mission of promoting social and moral progress. (See Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society.)

The celebrations were supported by the Catholic Church and were primarily religious around that time. The lighting of bonfires, a traditional custom on the Nativity of Saint John which ultimately reached back to pre-Christian Midsummer celebrations were still lit at night.[14] In addition, the first Saint-Jean-Baptiste parades were organized. They became an important tradition over time. The procession of allegorical floats was introduced in 1874.[15]

On June 24, 1880, the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society organized the gathering of all francophone communities across North America. The event was the first National Congress of French Canadians (Congrès national des Canadiens français). On this occasion, the citizens of Quebec City were the first ones to hear the "Ô Canada" of Calixa Lavallée, based on a poem by a Quebec Superior Court judge, Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The song was commissioned by the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society. It was well received but did not become a widely known song for many years. English words were later written for a royal tour in 1901. In 1980, "O Canada" became the official national anthem of Canada.

In 1908, Pope Pius X designated St. John the Baptist as the patron saint of French Canadians. From 1914 to 1923 the processions were not held. In 1925, 91 years after the Ludger Duvernay's banquet in Montreal, June 24 became provincially a legal holiday in Quebec.[16]

The Fête nationale

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Fireworks over the Parliament Building in Quebec City on the eve of Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day

In Quebec, June 24 (Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day), or Provincial Holiday, is officially a paid statutory public holiday covered under the Act Respecting Labour Standards.[4][5][6] In 1977, an Order in Council by Lieutenant Governor Hugues Lapointe, on the advice of Premier René Lévesque, declared June 24 the provincial holiday in Quebec.

The following year, the National Holiday Organizing Committee (French: Comité organisateur de la fête nationale) was created. The committee initially entrusted the organization of the events to the Société des festivals populaires du Québec. In 1984, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the SSJB, the organization of the celebrations was entrusted to the sovereigntist Mouvement national des Québécoises et des Québécois (MNQ).[17][18][19]

By making it a statutory holiday, the day became a holiday for all Quebecers rather than only those of French-Canadian or Catholic origins. Celebrations were gradually secularized, primarily due to actions taken by the MNQ, and June 23 and 24 became as they are now known. Many festivities take place on the night before the holiday proper.[2]

While the religious significance of the civic celebration is gone, the day remains popularly called la St-Jean-Baptiste or simply la St-Jean (notably by businesses), and is still observed in churches.

In 2010 and 2011, Franco-Ontarian New Democratic MP Claude Gravelle introduced a private member's bill in the House of Commons to recognize Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day as a federal holiday in Canada.[20][21]

Political nature of the celebration

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Free public concert in The Battlefields Park on the eve of Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day

During and immediately after the Quiet Revolution, Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day became highly politicized. The religious symbolism associated with the celebrations was replaced by political ideals of Quebec separatism.

Governor General Georges Vanier, who, as viceroy, had always fostered unity and biculturalism, found himself the target of Quebec sovereigntists in Montreal, on Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, 1964, wherein a group of sovereigntists held placards reading "Vanier vendu" ("Vanier the sell-out") and "Vanier fou de la Reine" ("Vanier, jester to the Queen").[22]

Four years later, with the new Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in attendance on the eve of a general election, a riot broke out on Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day. A group of agitators threw bottles at the Prime Minister in an effort to make him feel unwelcome at the ceremony. Trudeau was filmed refusing to take cover or leave the grandstand, saying that he was a Québécois and would not be intimidated by a drunken mob. The scene was broadcast on Télévision de Radio-Canada's and CBC's evening news. Many saw it as an open act of courage, and the Prime Minister's defiance impressed the electorate[citation needed] and contributed to his Liberal Party winning a significant majority the next day.[citation needed]

During the French-language network SRC's televised coverage of the 1969 Montreal parade, filmmakers Bernard Gosselin and Pierre Perrault were asked to withdraw from the airwaves after nationalist and sarcastic comments. At one point they suggested the creation of a Ministry of Boastfulness and a High Commissioner of kvetching.[23] There was a riot and the Saint-Jean-Baptiste icon was destroyed. This led to the interruption of the parade, which did not take place the next year.

In June 2009, Quebec bands Lake of Stew and Bloodshot Bill, whose members are bilingual anglophone Quebecers, were added to the program of a local celebration in Montreal called L'Autre St-Jean ("The Other St-Jean").[24][25][26] When it became known that they would be performing their songs in English, there were several complaints and later the musicians were barred from the celebrations. The Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste President, Mario Beaulieu, defended the decision to cancel these musicians' performances, by stating that the official language of the province of Quebec is French. However, after public outrage from both the anglophone and francophone communities, these two bands were returned to the program when it was clarified that the bands were free to sing songs in English as well as French.[27]

By government regulation, however, the St-Jean program must be conducted in French (even by such internationally and nationally famous anglophone artists such as Martha Wainwright and Patrick Watson).[28][29]

The festival has attempted to be more inclusive, as groups have sung in Creole and for the 2008 celebrations, Samian, "the world's first aboriginal Algonquin language rapper", sang at Montreal's celebration.[30][31][32]

The Montreal Metro attempts to symbolize the inclusive nature of the celebration through the motto it displays on information screens on stations and on-board trains on Saint-Jean-Baptiste day: Bonne Saint-Jean-Baptiste à tous et à toutes avec surtout ce sentiment de se sentir membre à part entière de cette communauté québécoise diverse et fière! (English: "Happy Saint-Jean-Baptiste to one and all and especially the feeling of being an integral part of this diverse and proud Quebec community!").[citation needed]

In 2017, there was a controversy at the Fête nationale parade when a float featuring white performers was performing a popular Québécois anthem, and pushed by several black youths dressed in beige. Spectators interpreted the sight as racist, and symbolic of slavery.[33][34]

Notes

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  1. ^ Myriam Fontaine; Maude-Emmanuelle Lambert (November 22, 2016). "Fête nationale du Québec (Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day)". Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 7, 2019.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b Laflamme, Nathalie. "A guide to Montreals festivities, 2018". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  3. ^ "Loi sur la fête nationale" [Law on National Day] (in French). Quebec Government. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  4. ^ a b Québec 'national Holiday Act' defining the holiday, http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=%2F%2FF_1_1%2FF1_1_A.htm
  5. ^ a b Gouvernement du Québec. "National Holiday Archived June 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", in the site of the Commission des normes du travail, June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2008
  6. ^ a b Gouvernement du Québec. "An Act Respecting Labour Standards", in CanLII, Federation of Law Societies of Canada, updated to May 1, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2008
  7. ^ "Fête nationale: A guide to Montreal's festivities". June 22, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
  8. ^ "La Fête nationale du Québec, des origines à nos jours | La Fête nationale du Québec". Fetenationale.qc.ca. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  9. ^ Ouimet, Marc (2011). Le lys en fête, le lys en feu : La Saint-Jean-Baptiste au Québec de 1960 à 1990. Université du Québec. p. 41.
  10. ^ a b Lebel, Jean-Marie (1985). "Duvernay, Ludger". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  11. ^ Attending the event were reformist politicians Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, Edouard Rodier, George-Étienne Cartier, Dr. Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan, Louis Perrault, Thomas Storrow Brown, and Montreal mayor Jacques Viger.
  12. ^ Prémont, Donald. "Duvernay, Ludger (1799–1852) Archived April 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine", in the site Les Patriotes de 1837@1838, May 20, 2000. Retrieved June 29, 2008
  13. ^ "Cette fête dont le but est de cimenter l'union des Canadiens ne sera pas sans fruit. Elle sera célébrée annuellement comme fête nationale et ne pourra manquer de produire les plus heureux résultats", in La Minerve, June 24, 1834
  14. ^ Nadeau, Claude. "Histoire de la fête nationale des Québécois: la Saint-Jean Baptiste". Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2008. Déjà en des temps immémoriaux, les peuples païens célébraient le solstice d'été par un grand feu de joie, symbolisant la lumière qui était à son apogée.
  15. ^ Montréal Gazette, 2013
  16. ^ "Fête nationale: A guide to Montreal's festivities". June 22, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
  17. ^ "Fete nationale 'isn't what it once was'". Therecord.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  18. ^ MNQ. "La Fête nationale du Québec et le Mouvement national des Québécoises et Québécois (MNQ) Archived June 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", in the site of the Mouvement national des Québécoises et Québécois, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2008
  19. ^ SSJB Mauricie. "Fête nationale Archived June 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", in the site of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste of Mauricie, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2008
  20. ^ "Canadian Parliament". Retrieved November 11, 2012.
  21. ^ "NDP". Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
  22. ^ Hubbard, R.H.; Rideau Hall; McGill-Queen’s University Press; Montreal and London; 1977; p. 233
  23. ^ "Security Alert". Montreal.about.com. March 13, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  24. ^ "L'autre St-Jean". Lautrestjean.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  25. ^ "L'autre Saint-Jean ! – BANGBANG". Bangbangblog.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  26. ^ "Blogues du journal Voir – Voir –". Voir.ca. Archived from the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  27. ^ "Fête nationale won't be the celebration the Parti Québécois imagined: Hébert". Toronto Star. June 24, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  28. ^ "Mouvement national des Québécoises et Québécois | Langue des célébrations de la Fête nationale – Lake of Stew et Bloodshot Bill chanteront aussi en français". Newswire.ca. June 16, 2009. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  29. ^ Macpherson, Don (June 24, 2013). "Competing national holidays". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  30. ^ "World news | The Guardian". Guardian Weekly. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on November 18, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  31. ^ "Anglo musicians ousted from St. Jean celebration". Archived from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2017. Montreal Gazette, June 15, 2009, by Jason Magder
  32. ^ "English bands back Montreal Jean Baptiste festivities". The Province. Retrieved June 23, 2009.[dead link‍]
  33. ^ "Video of Quebec history float goes viral amid allegations of racism". Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  34. ^ Ruel-Manseau, Audrey (June 24, 2017). "Controverse au défilé de la Fête nationale: un hasard qui choque - Audrey Ruel-Manseau - Montréal". La Presse. Retrieved March 20, 2018.

References

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Wikisource has original text related to this article:
In English
In French
  • Joly, Diane. "Les processions de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste à Montréal", in Encyclopédie du patrimoine culturel de l'Amérique française, July 21, 2008
  • RDAQ. "La Saint-Jean-Baptiste", in the site of the Réseau des services d'archives du Québec, 2001
  • Prémont, Donald. "24 juin 1834 – Le premier banquet de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste", in Les Patriotes de 1837@1838, March 10, 2000
  • Nadeau, Claude, "Histoire de la fête nationale des Québécois : la Saint-Jean Baptiste Archived April 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine", in Claudenadeau.net, 1998 (her personal Web site)
  • Bizier, Hélène-Andrée and Paulette, Claude (1997). Fleur de lys, d'hier à aujourd'hui, Montréal: Édition Art Global, 158 p. (ISBN 2920718673)
  • Rumilly, Robert (1975). Histoire de la Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal, des Patriotes au fleurdelysé, 1834–1948, Montréal: Éditions de l'Aurore, 564 p. (ISBN 0885320891)
  • Vaugeois, Denis (1978). "La Saint-Jean, fête de la fierté", in Forces, XLIII, 2nd quarter, 1978
  • SSJBM (1926). Processions de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste en 1924 et 1925; [...], Montréal: L. Beauchemin, 315 p. (online)
  • SSJBM (1904). 70ème anniversaire de l'Association nationale St-Jean-Baptiste, Montréal, 1834–1904, Montréal: Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste, 66 p. (online)
  • SSJBQ (1902). Programme des fêtes du soixantenaire de la Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Québec, 1842–1902 : fête nationale des Candiens-français, lundi, 23 juin 1902, Québec: Impr. Darveau, J. Baeuchamp, 16 p. (online)
  • SSJBM (1903). Souvenir patriotique de la St-Jean-Baptiste, 1903 : dédié aux familles canadiennes, Montréal: Association Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal, 44 p. (online)
  • SSJBM (1901). Souvenir de la fête de la St-Jean-Baptiste, 1901, Montréal: Association Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal, 32 p. (online)
  • Chouinard, H.-J.-J.-B. (1890). Fête nationale des Canadiens-français célébrée à Québec, 1881–1889, Québec: L'Imprimerie Belleau & cie éditeurs, 537 p. (online)
  • SSJBM (1884). Souvenir de la St-Jean-Baptiste à Montréal, 1884, Montréal: Canada Railway News Co., 48 p. (online)
  • Chouinard, H.-J.-J.-B. (1881). Fête nationale des Canadiens français célébrée à Québec en 1880, Québec: L'Imprimerie A. Coté & cie éditeurs, 1881, 632 p. (online)
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