John V Eleemon (Greek: Ἰωάννης ὁ Ἐλεήμων, romanized: Iōannēs ho Eleēmōn), also known as John the Almsgiver, John the Almoner, John the Compassionate, or John the Merciful, was the Chalcedonian/Melkite Patriarch of Alexandria in the early 7th century (from 606 to 616). He was born in Amathus around 560. Originally appointed by the emperor Heraclius, he later resisted attempts by the emperor to persecute the monophysites. At the end of his life he was obliged to flee back to Cyprus, where he died around 620.
John the Merciful | |
|---|---|
 Saint John the Merciful. Church of San Giovanni Elemosinario | |
| Patriarch of Alexandria (Melkite) | |
| Born | c. 552 Amathus, Cyprus |
| Died | c. 616–620 Cyprus |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church Catholic Church |
| Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
| Major shrine | San Giovanni Elemosinario, Venice, Italy |
| Feast | 12 November (Orthodox) 23 January (Roman Catholic) |
| Attributes | Bishop vestment Miter Crosier |
| Patronage | Egypt |
He was unusual for his time in a number of ways. He was a married man with children, was elected bishop as a layman, and became a saint without being a martyr. He is one of the very few Byzantine era saints to gain a following in the West. He was one of the saints in the Golden Legend. He became famous as the original patron of the order of St. John of the Hospital, the Hospitallers, one of the great Western crusading military orders. This order still survives as the Knights of Malta. In the British Commonwealth, the "St. John's Ambulance Corps" is named after him.[1]
He is considered a saint in both the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches. He is also the patron saint of Casarano, Italy and of Limassol, Cyprus.
His "life" was written by his contemporary Leontius bishop of Neapolis in Cyprus, who seems to have known him personally.
Early life
editHe was born at Amathus as the son of Epiphanius, governor of Cyprus, and was of noble descent. In early life he was married and had children, but his wife and children soon died, after which he entered religious life.[2]
Patriarch of Alexandria
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On the death of the Patriarch Theodore, the Alexandrians besought Emperor Phocas to appoint John his successor, which was accordingly done. One of the first steps he took was to make a list of several thousand needy persons, whom he took under his especial care. He always referred to the poor as his "lords and masters", because of their mighty influence at the Court of the Most High. He assisted people of every class who were in need.
He was a reformer who attacked simony, and fought heresy by means of improvements in religious education. He also reorganized the system of weights and measures for the sake of the poor, and put a stop to corruption among the officials.[3] He increased the number of churches in Alexandria from seven to seventy.
The ministry of Vitalis of Gaza, a monk who worked among the prostitutes of the city, was a noteworthy episode of John's reign. The patriarch was considered to have behaved with wisdom for not punishing this monk who was notorious for visiting the seedy part of town, and his judgment was vindicated only after the death of Vitalis when the story of the monk's mission of mercy became known.[4]
Anecdotes from the Life by Leontius
editIn his youth John had had a vision of a beautiful maiden with a garland of olives on her head, who said that she was Compassion, the eldest daughter of the Great King. This had evidently made a deep impression on John's mind, and, now that he had the opportunity of exercising benevolence on a large scale, he soon became widely known all over the East for his liberality towards the poor.
A shipwrecked merchant was thus helped three times, on the first two occasions apparently without doing him much good; the third time however, John fitted him out with a ship and a cargo of wheat, and by favourable winds he was taken as far as Britain, where, as there was a shortage of wheat, he obtained his own price.[5]
Another person, who was not really in need, applied for alms and was detected by the officers of the palace; but John merely said "Give unto him; he may be Our Lord in disguise." He visited the hospitals three times every week, and he freed a great many slaves. John is said to have devoted the entire revenues of his see to the alleviation of those in need. A rich man presented him with a magnificent bed covering; he accepted it for one night, but then sold it, and disposed of the money in alms. The rich man "bought in" the article, and again presented it to John, with the same result. This was repeated several times; but John drily remarked: "We will see who tires first."[6]
Another instance of his piety was that he caused his own grave to be dug, but only partly so, and appointed a servant to come before him on all state occasions and say "My Lord, your tomb is unfinished; pray give orders for its completion, for you know not the hour when death may seize you." When the Sassanids sacked Jerusalem in 614, John sent large supplies of food, wine, and money to the fleeing Christians. But eventually the Persians occupied Alexandria, and John himself in his old age was forced to flee to his native country, where he died.
Death and veneration
editJohn died in Cyprus somewhere between 616 and 620.
From Cyprus his body was moved to Constantinople, then in 1249 to Venice, where there is a church dedicated to him, the Chiesa di San Giovanni Elemosinario, although his relics are preserved in another church, San Giovanni in Bragora, in a separate chapel.
Another relic of him was sent by Sultan Bayezid II in 1489 to King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. It was placed in the private Royal Chapel in Buda Castle, which was dedicated to him. Now his body lies in the St. John the Merciful Chapel in St. Martin's Cathedral in Bratislava, Slovakia.
A church in Cospicua, Malta, is dedicated to him, and one of the bastions of the Santa Margherita Lines in the same city is also named after him.[7]
Biography
editA hagiographical biography was written by his contemporary Leontios of Neapolis.[8]
See also
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References
edit- General
- "John V the Merciful (610–621)". Official web site of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa. Retrieved 2011-02-07.
- Specific
- ^ Norman H. Baynes, introduction to the Life of St John the Almsgiver.
- ^ "St John the Merciful of Alexandria", OCA
- ^ "Saint January 23 : St. John the Almsgiver the Patriarch of Alexandria and Patron of Knights Hospitaller". Retrieved 2022-10-27.
- ^ Churchill, Leigh, The Birth of Europe, Paternoster Press, pp.176-80, 2001.
- ^ Leontios of Neapolis, Vita Sancti Joannis Eleemosynarii, PG 93, col. 1623; Acta Sanctorum, t. II (January), p. 501b.
- ^ Churchill, Leigh, The Birth of Europe, Paternoster Press, p. 174, 2001.
- ^ "St John Almoner Bastion – Sta Margherita Lines" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ "The Life of St. John the Almsgiver". Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
External links
edit
- https://web.archive.org/web/20061019105249/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintj68.htm
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. John the Almsgiver". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.- "The Life of St. John the Almsgiver". The Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
