Wulfstan (c. 1008 – 20 January 1095) was an English Benedictine monk who served as Bishop of Worcester from 1062 to 1095.[a] He was the last surviving pre-Conquest bishop. Wulfstan is a saint in the Western Christian churches.
Saint Wulfstan | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Worcester | |
 Stained glass depicting Wulfstan in the Church of St John in Bedwardine, St John's, Worcester | |
| Appointed | 1062 |
| Term ended | 20 January 1095 |
| Predecessor | Ealdred |
| Successor | Samson |
| Other post(s) | Prior of Worcester |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 8 September 1062 by Ealdred |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1008 Long Itchington, Warwickshire, Kingdom of England |
| Died | 20 January 1095 (aged around 86) Worcester, Worcestershire, Kingdom of England |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 19 January |
| Venerated in | |
| Canonized | 14 May 1203 by Pope Innocent III |
| Attributes | Bishop |
| Patronage | Peasants, vegetarians and dieters |
| Shrines | Worcester Cathedral (destroyed) |
Denomination
editHis denomination as Wulfstan II is to indicate that he is the second Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester. This, however, does not prevent confusion, since the first Bishop Wulfstan – his maternal uncle – is also called Wulfstan II to denote that he was the second Archbishop of York called Wulfstan.[1]
Life
editWulfstan was born about 1008 at Long Itchington in the English county of Warwickshire.[2] His family lost their lands around the time King Cnut of England came to the throne in 1016.[3] He was probably named after his uncle, Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York. Through his uncle's influence, he studied at monasteries in Evesham and Peterborough, before becoming a clerk at Worcester. During this time, his superiors, noting his reputation for dedication and chastity, urged him to join the priesthood. In 1034 Wulfstan served as incumbent at St Mary's Church in Hawkesbury, Gloucestershire. It was here that he experienced an incident which changed his life. Whilst at his devotions he was distracted by the smell of a goose cooking in the kitchen nearby. Mortified, he resolved never to touch meat again and became a vegetarian. Wulfstan was ordained shortly thereafter, in 1038, and soon joined a monastery of Benedictines at Worcester.
Wulfstan served as treasurer and prior of Worcester, and from 1034 onwards served as the parish priest of Hawkesbury, Gloucestershire.[4][5][6] When Ealdred, the bishop of Worcester as well as the Archbishop of York, was required to relinquish Worcester by Pope Nicholas, Ealdred decided to have Wulfstan appointed to Worcester. In addition, Ealdred continued to hold a number of the manors of the diocese.[7] Wulfstan was consecrated Bishop of Worcester on 8 September 1062,[8] by Ealdred. It would have been more proper for him to have been consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, whose province Worcester was in.[7] Wulfstan had deliberately avoided consecration by the current archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, since Stigand's own consecration had been uncanonical. Wulfstan still acknowledged that the see of Worcester was a suffragan of Canterbury. He made no profession of obedience to Ealdred, instead offering a profession of obedience to Stigand's successor Lanfranc.[9]
Wulfstan was a confidant of Harold Godwinson, who helped secure the bishopric for him.[10]
A social reformer, Wulfstan struggled to bridge the gap between the old and new regimes, and to alleviate the suffering of the poor. He was a strong opponent of the slave trade, and together with Lanfranc, was mainly responsible for ending the trade from Bristol.[11]
After the Norman conquest of England, Wulfstan was the only English-born bishop to retain his diocese for any significant time after the Conquest (all others had been replaced or succeeded by Normans by 1075).[12][13] William of Malmesbury, whose early 12th century work Vita Wulfstani provides much of our knowledge of the bishop, noted that pastoral care of his diocese was Wulfstan's principal interest.
In 1072 Wulfstan signed the Accord of Winchester. In 1075, Wulfstan and the Worcestershire fyrd militia countered the Revolt of the Earls, when various magnates attempted a rebellion against William the Conqueror.
Wulfstan founded the Great Malvern Priory, and undertook much large-scale rebuilding work, including Worcester Cathedral, Hereford Cathedral, Tewkesbury Abbey, and many other churches in the Worcester, Hereford and Gloucester areas. He famously wept upon the destruction of the old Worcester Cathedral to make way for the new Romanesque building, decrying the loss of a building in which "so many holy and devout men have served God".[14] After the Norman Conquest, he claimed that the Oswaldslow, a "triple hundred" administered by the bishops of Worcester, was free of interference by the local sheriff. This right to exclude the sheriff was recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086. Wulfstan also administered the diocese of Lichfield when it was vacant between 1071 and 1072.[15]
As bishop, he often assisted the archbishops of York with consecrations, as they had few suffragan bishops. In 1073 Wulfstan helped Thomas of Bayeux consecrate Radulf as Bishop of Orkney, and in 1081 helped consecrate William de St-Calais as Bishop of Durham.[7]
.jpg)
Wulfstan was responsible for the compilation by Hemming of the second cartulary of Worcester.[16] He was close friends with Robert Losinga, the Bishop of Hereford, who was well known as a mathematician and astronomer.[15]
Wulfstan, the last surviving pre-Conquest bishop, died 20 January 1095 after a protracted illness, whilst washing the feet of parishioners as was his custom. [17] After his death, an altar was dedicated to him in Great Malvern Priory, next to those of Thomas Cantilupe and King Edward the Confessor.
Legacy
editAt Easter of 1158, Henry II and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine visited Worcester Cathedral and placed their crowns on the shrine of Wulfstan, vowing not to wear them again. Their son King John is buried at Worcester Cathedral.[18]
Soon after Wulfstan's death, a hagiography, or saint's life, was written about him in English by his former chancellor Colman. It was translated into Latin by the medieval chronicler and historian William of Malmesbury.[19] Wulfstan was canonized on 14 May 1203 by Pope Innocent III.[4] He became the Patron Saint of Peasants and Vegetarians. One of the miracles attributed to Wulfstan was the curing of King Harold's daughter. The recently founded Victorine priory in Celbridge, Ireland (paid for by Adam de Hereford) was named St. Wolstan's Priory in his honour.[20]
In 2008, the millennial anniversary of Wulfstan's birth, the Friends of the Church of St Mary the Virgin, Hawkesbury, where Wulfstan served from 1034, commissioned a stained glass window to his memory. The commission was carried out by a local artist, Caroline Pederick and it was dedicated in 2011 by Bishop Michael Pelham of Gloucester. In three roundels, it depicts features from Wulfstan's life; the broken chains of slavery, the goose, many vegetables and the bishop's crosier and mitre. In 2021, St. Mary's Church installed a ring of eight bells in their tower. The largest bell, weighing 600 kg, is named in honour of Wulfstan.[5]
Wulfstan is remembered in the Church of England with a lesser festival, and on the Episcopal Church calendar on 19 January.[21][22]
In 2023, a pastoral area of the Catholic Diocese of Clifton was named in honour of Wulfstan.[23]
Notes
edit- ^ Sometimes Wulfstan II, also known as Wolstan, Wulstan and Ulfstan
Citations
edit- ^ Keynes, Simon (2014). "Appendix II: Archbishops and Bishops 597–1066". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7.
- ^ Walsh A New Dictionary of Saints p. 631
- ^ Fleming Kings & Lords p. 41
- ^ a b British History Online Bishops of Worcester accessed on 3 November 2007
- ^ a b "St Wulfstan Bell | St Mary's Church, Hawkesbury". www.beaufortarms.com. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ "St Wulfstan". Friends of St Mary's Hawkesbury. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ a b c Williams English and the Norman Conquest p. 150
- ^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 224
- ^ Flanagan "High-kings" p. 904
- ^ Fleming Kings & Lords p. 79
- ^ Mason "Wulfstan"
- ^ Barlow, Frank (1979). The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church. New York: Longman 1979 p57.
- ^ William of Malmesbury, Saints' lives: Lives of SS. Wulfstan, Dunstan, Patrick, Benignus and Indract pp 141–143.
- ^ of Malmesbury, William (2002). Vita Wulfstani. Oxford. pp. 121–3.
- ^ a b Williams English and the Norman Conquest p. 149
- ^ Williams English and the Norman Conquest p. 145
- ^ William of Malmesbury, Saints' lives: Lives of SS. Wulfstan, Dunstan, Patrick, Benignus and Indract pp 141–143
- ^ Coleman, Everard Home. Notes and Queries, Volume 101, Oxford University Press, 1900, p. 365.
- ^ Williams English and the Norman Conquest p. 170
- ^ Murray, James (21 July 2011). Enforcing the English Reformation in Ireland: Clerical Resistance and ... – James Murray – Google Books. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521369947. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
- ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ^ "Wulfstan of Worcester, Bishop, 1095". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- ^ "Parishes". Clifton Diocese. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
References
edit- Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4.
- British History Online Bishops of Worcester accessed on 3 November 2007
- Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
- Flanagan, Marie Therese (2005), "High-kings with opposition. 1072–1166", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.), Prehistoric and Early Ireland, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 899–933, ISBN 978-0-19-922665-8
- Fleming, Robin (2004). Kings & Lords in Conquest England (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52694-9.
- Mason, Emma (2004). "Wulfstan [St Wulfstan]". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30099. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Walsh, Michael A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West London: Burns & Oates 2007 ISBN 0-86012-438-X
- William of Malmesbury. The Life of St Wulstan
- Williams, Ann (2000). The English and the Norman Conquest. Ipswich: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-708-4.
