In the folklore of the Sámi, a Stállo (also Staaloe, Stalo or Northern Sami Stállu)[1] is a large, human-like creature who likes to eat people and who therefore is usually in some form of hostilities with a human. Stallos are clumsy and stupid, and thus humans often gain the upper hand over them.[2]
The Vindelfjällen Nature Reserve contains the remains of ancient, large building foundations, considered by the Sami to be the remains of Stallo dwellings. There is also a huge stone placed on some small pebbles on top near Lake Giengeljaure named stalostenen, which literally means "the Stallo stone." Legend dictates that a Stallo would have placed a stone here to prove his strength.
Stallo sites
edit
On account of the identification of relics of ancient buildings with the 'stallo' in the southern part of the Sámi area of Sweden, archaeologists have come to refer to such relics as 'stallo sites' generally, following the lead of Ernst Manker's 1960 study Fångstgropar och stalotomter ('hunting pits and stallo sites'). Such buildings are actually round or oval, with a diameter of four to six metres, arranged linearly in groups of two to eight (or, more rarely, more, up to fifteen). Around sixty such sites are known, distributed along what is now the Norway-Sweden border, from Frostviken in Jämtland county to the south, to Devddesvuopmi in Troms to the north. They are found above the tree line, at heights between 550 and 850 metres. They seem to have been in most extensive use around 800–1050 CE, that is, during the Viking Age. Scholars agree that these were temporary dwellings, probably for use in the warmer months, and that they reflect a change in the economic habits of their users, almost certainly associated with hunting or herding reindeer. Nevertheless, there is extensive debate over whether the inhabitants were ethnically Norse or Sámi, where their permanent habitations were located, and their purpose. As of 2014, debate was ongoing, but opinion at that time favoured the idea that the stallo sites were used by Sámi people, partly because the layout of the buildings corresponds to later Sámi dwellings.[3]
In folklore
editStallo appears in Sámi folktales,[4][5] such as How the Stalos were Tricked, Stalo och Kauras, and The Tale of Njunje Paggas.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ HATT, EMILIE DEMANT, and Barbara Sjoholm. "Field Notes and Commentary". In: By the Fire: Sami Folktales and Legends. Minneapolis; London: University of Minnesota Press, 2019. p. 102. Accessed September 12, 2021. doi:10.5749/j.ctvfjcx2d.11.
- ^ Lars Levi Laestadius; Juha Pentikäinen & K. Börje Vähämäki (2002). Juha Pentikäinen (ed.). Fragments of Lappish mythology. K. Börje Vähämäki. Aspasia Books. p. 237. ISBN 9780968588192.
- ^ Lars Ivar Hansen and Bjørnar Olsen, Hunters in Transition: An Outline of Early Sámi History, The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures, 63 (Leiden: Brill, 2014), pp. 82-93; ISBN 978-90-04-25254-7.
- ^ Friis, Jens Andreas. Lappiske eventyr og folkesagn. Christiania: Forlagt af Alb. Cammermeyer. 1871. pp. 73-110.
- ^ Qvigstad, Just; Moltke Moe; G. Sandberg. Lappiske eventyr og folkesagn. Kristiania: 1877. pp. 62-67 and 146-164.
- ^ Conrad, JoAnn (2020). "‘The Tale of Njunje Paggas’: A ‘Lappish’ Stallo Tale from Sweden by P. A. Lindholm". In: Folklore, 131:2, pp. 204-224. doi:10.1080/0015587X.2019.1662235
Further reading
edit- Conrad, Joann (1999–2000). Societas Uralo-Altaica (ed.). "Tracking the Ogre — the Sami Stallo". Ural-altaische Jahrbücher. 16. O. Harrassowitz: 56–75. ISSN 0174-0652.
- HATT, EMILIE DEMANT, and Barbara Sjoholm. "Folktales". In: By the Fire: Sami Folktales and Legends. Minneapolis; London: University of Minnesota Press, 2019. pp. 58–67. Accessed September 12, 2021. doi:10.5749/j.ctvfjcx2d.9.
- HATT, EMILIE DEMANT, and Barbara Sjoholm. "Field Notes and Commentary". In: By the Fire: Sami Folktales and Legends. Minneapolis; London: University of Minnesota Press, 2019. pp. 102–104. Accessed September 12, 2021. doi:10.5749/j.ctvfjcx2d.11.
- Heide, Eldar (2019). "The Wild Host and the Etymology of Sami Stállu and Norwegian Ståle(sferda). Reflecting Ancient Contact". Arv. Nordic Yearbook of Folklore: 73–93.
- Koskimies, August V., Toivo I. Itkonen, and Lea Laitinen. “BELIEF LEGENDS.” In: Inari Sámi Folklore: Stories from Aanaar. Edited by Tim Frandy. University of Wisconsin Press, 2019. pp. 87–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvfjcxnm.15.
- Laestadius, Lars Levi (2002). Juha Pentikäinen (ed.). Fragments of Lappish Mythology. Translated by K. Börje Vähämäki. Aspasia Books. ISBN 9780968588192.
- Liedgren, Lars; Bergman, Ingela (2009). "Aspects of the Construction of Prehistoric Stállo-Foundations and Stállo-Buildings". Acta Borealia. 26 (1): 3–26. doi:10.1080/08003830902951516.
- In modern culture
- Conrad, JoAnn (2020). "'The Tale of Njunje Paggas': A 'Lappish' Stallo Tale from Sweden by P. A. Lindholm, Illustrated by John Bauer". Folklore. 131 (2): 204–24. doi:10.1080/0015587X.2019.1662235.
- Stokke, Ruth Seierstad (2020). "Natureculture in a Stallo tale: Harmonious dwelling or troubling postequilibrium? The picturebook Sølvmånen by Sissel Horndal (2015)". Idunn. 11 (1): 1–13. doi:10.18261/issn.2000-7493-2020-01-03.
External links
edit- Andrew F. Besa. "The Stallo Throughout Sámi and World History". Sami Culture.