The National Legionary State (Romanian: Statul Național Legionar) was a totalitarian fascist regime which governed Romania for five months, from 14 September 1940 until its official dissolution on 14 February 1941. The regime was led by General Ion Antonescu in partnership with the Iron Guard, the Romanian fascist, ultra-nationalist, anti-communist and anti-Semitic organization. Though the Iron Guard had been in the Romanian Government since 28 June 1940, on 14 September it achieved dominance, leading to the proclamation of the National Legionary State.
Kingdom of Romania Regatul României | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1940–1941 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Capital | Bucharest | ||||||||
| Common languages | Romanian | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Romanian | ||||||||
| Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy under a legionarist one-party totalitarian duumvirate | ||||||||
| King | |||||||||
• 1940–1941 | Michael I | ||||||||
| Prime Minister & Conducător | |||||||||
• 1940–1941 | Ion Antonescu | ||||||||
| Deputy Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1940–1941 | Horia Sima[a] | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 14 September 1940 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 14 February 1941 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 195,000 km2 (75,000 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1941 | 13.5 million | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Romania | ||||||||
On 27 September 1940, Romania withdrew from the Balkan Pact. On 8 October, Nazi German troops began crossing into Romania, and soon numbered over 500,000. On 23 November, Romania formally joined the Axis powers. On 27 November, 64 former dignitaries or officials were executed by the Iron Guard in the Jilava Massacre. The already harsh anti-Semitic legislation was expanded, included the expropriation of Jewish-owned rural property on 4 October, followed by forests on 17 November, and finally by river transport on 4 December.[1]
On 20 January 1941, the Iron Guard attempted a coup, combined with a pogrom against the Jews of Bucharest. Within four days, Antonescu had successfully suppressed the coup, and the Iron Guard was forced out of the government. Horia Sima and many other Legionnaires took refuge in Nazi Germany, while others were imprisoned. Antonescu formally abolished the National Legionary State on 14 February 1941.
Precursors
editThe Iron Guard first formed an alliance with the Romanian Government in early 1938, when the then-Prime Minister Octavian Goga concluded an agreement with the leader of the Iron Guard, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu on 8 February 1938 for limited cooperation. However, this political arrangement displeased the King Carol II, who dismissed Goga on 11 February and replaced him with Patriarch Miron Cristea.[2][3][4]
Between 28 June and 4 July 1940 Horia Sima, the nominal leader of the Iron Guard after the death of Codreanu, served as Undersecretary of State at the Ministry of Education. The Iron Guard was brought into the Ion Gigurtu's cabinet, which took power on 4 July 1940, after the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Three Guardists were appointed to the new government: Vasile Noveanu as Minister of Public Wealth, Sima as Minister of Religion and Arts, and Augustin Bideanu as Undersecretary of State at the Ministry of Finance. However, Sima resigned on 7 July, because he was denied a purely Guardist cabinet, while his two colleagues retained their posts. An Iron Guard supporter and ideologue, Nichifor Crainic, became Minister of Propaganda.[5][6] Following Sima's resignation on 7 July, he was replaced by another Guardist, Radu Budișteanu.[7]
Territory and population
editThe territory of the National Legionary State amounted to roughly 195,000 square km (or just over 75,000 square miles). It had the same territory as modern day Romania, with the exception of Northern Transylvania, which had been ceded to Hungary in the aftermath of the Second Vienna Award.[8] It also possessed several islands in the Danube Delta, as well as Snake Island in the Black Sea. These have been part of Ukraine since 1948.[9]
A Romanian census was conducted on 6 April 1941 and recorded a population of 13,535,757.[10] Though the census was conducted almost two months after the dissolution of the National Legionary State, Romania's borders were the same.
History
edit
King Carol II was forced to abdicate on 6 September 1940, and was replaced by his 19-year-old son, King Michael I. The first act of the new king was to grant General Ion Antonescu unlimited power as Conducător (leader) of Romania, relegating himself to a ceremonial role. A decree of 8 September further defined Antonescu's powers.[11] To maintain his grip at the helm of the country, while at the same time conceding the leading role to the Iron Guard, Antonescu had King Michael proclaim Romania a National Legionary State on 14 September. The Legionary Movement/Iron Guard became the "only movement recognized in the new state", making Romania a totalitarian country.
Antonescu became the legion's honorary leader, with Sima becoming Deputy Prime Minister. Five other Guardists became ministers, among them Prince Mihai Sturza (Minister of Foreign Affairs) and General Constantin Petrovicescu (Minister of Interior). Legionary Prefects were appointed in all of the fifty Romanian counties.[12][13] The Guard was awarded four portfolios: Interior, Education, Foreign Affairs, and Cults. In addition, most of the permanent secretaries and directors in the ministries were also Guardists. As the dominant political force, the Guard also controlled the press and propaganda services.[14]
On 6 October 1940, Antonescu attended an Iron Guard rally dressed in Legionary uniform. On 8 October, German troops began crossing into Romania, and soon numbered over 500,000. On 23 November Romania joined the Axis powers. On 27 November, 64 former dignitaries or officials were executed by the Iron Guard in Jilava Prison while awaiting trial (see Jilava Massacre). Later that day, historian and former prime minister Nicolae Iorga and economist Virgil Madgearu, a former government minister, were assassinated. On 1 December, another Iron Guard rally took place at Alba Iulia to celebrate 22 years since the Union of Transylvania with Romania. Antonescu again attended, and gave a speech.[15]
After the National Legionary State was proclaimed in 14 September, the Legion became the ruling party but had to share executive power with the Army. The new Legionary regime had a ritual basis based on the cult of the Guard's dead leader (Codreanu) and other Legionary martyrs. Exhumation, public burial and rehabilitation of Legionary "martyrs" was retrospectively regarded by Sima as the most important task justifying the Legion's accession to power. The exhumation of Codreanu's remains and subsequent reburial (21-23 November) reaffirmed Condreanu's charisma as the foundation of Legionary ideology. On the day of Codreanu's reburial, the main Legionary newspaper, Cuvântul (The Word), wrote: "It is the day of the Captain's resurrection. He is resurrected, as he promised, according to the Gospel. He is resurrected, rising from the grave to present to us Romania itself, buried by this sinful age.". A young Emil Cioran in his twenties strongly endorsed Codreanu's cult: "With the exception of Jesus, no other dead being has been so present among the living. Has anybody even thought about forgetting him? This dead man spread a perfume of eternity over our human dung and brought back the sky over Romania." Soon after Codreanu's reburial, however, the Legion committed the Massacre, killing over 60 former dignitaries. The Legion thus achieved its goals: the old order collapsed under its blows and all of the Legion's enemies were punished.[16] The reburial of Codreanu's body took place on 30 November, in attendance was Antonescu, Sima, von Schirach, Bohle and 100,000 Iron Guardists.[17][18]
The decree which established the National Legionary regime on 14 September placed Antonescu and Sima on an equal footing. On 28 October, Sima accused Antonescu of violating the decree by allowing democratic parties to function. He asserted that such political diversity was contrary to the principles of a totalitarian state. Sima also wanted to apply Nazi principles to Romania's economy in order to bring all of it under centralized control. He addressed a letter to Antonescu in this sense on 16 October, but the latter rejected the idea. Relations between Antonescu and the Guard reached breaking point after the Jilava Massacre. Despite the mounting tension, the two parties achieved a truce for the moment, which allowed a Legionary to keep the post of Bucharest Police Chief but provided for the public condemnation of the Jilava murders.[19]
Several antisemitic decrees were enacted by the National Legionary State. Jewish-owned rural property was expropriated on 4 October, followed by forests on 17 November, and finally by river transport on 4 December.[1]
On 10 November 1940, the National Legionary State faced a massive earthquake (the strongest one recorded in the 20th century in Romania), which destroyed 65,000 homes.[20]
Outside developments
editIn early October 1940, 15,000 German troops were deployed to Romania to protect the oil refineries at Ploiești, which were essential for the German war effort. This unilateral German action, carried out without consulting Benito Mussolini (Hitler's Axis ally and leader of Fascist Italy), prompted the latter to launch an invasion of Greece. The ensuing Greco-Italian War resulted in a military blunder, as the Greeks counter-attacked and occupied parts of Italian-ruled Albania for half a year.[21][self-published source?] The entrance of German troops in Romania was not an invasion, however, as it occurred with Antonescu's approval.[22] The first German troops arrived in Romanian on 10 October, partly as a response to Antonescu's request for military assistance, in addition to their main goal of defending the Romanian oil fields.[23] Romania subsequently joined the Tripartite Pact and the Anti-Comintern Pact on 23 November and 25 November, respectively.[24] Despite this tightening of relations with Germany, the German minority in Romania (numbering 300,000 after Romania's territorial losses) was not entirely spared the process of Romanianization. While few Germans from Banat and Transylvania were repatriated to the Reich, the number of ethnic Germans from Southern Bukovina and Dobruja who were repatriated amounted to 76,500. The German-Romanian convention which sanctioned these repatriations was signed on 22 October 1940. According to the convention, the Romanian state received the real estate previously possessed by the repatriated Germans in exchange for paying compensation to the Reich. The newly-acquired property (lands and houses) would be used by the Romanian state to accommodate ethnic Romanian refugees from Bulgaria, displaced in the aftermath of the Treaty of Craiova.[25] On 4 December, a ten-year trade agreement was signed between Romania and Germany, providing for the "economic reconstruction" of Romania.[18]
On 27 September 1940, Romania withdrew from the Balkan Pact. That same day, a trade agreement was signed with one of the Pact members, Turkey. On 19 December, another trade agreement was signed between Romania and Yugoslavia, another member of the Balkan Pact. During the last days of the National Legionary State, on 10 and 12 February, Britain and Belgium severed relations with Romania.[26]
Border skirmishes with the Soviet Union spanned across the duration of the National Legionary State. In the autumn of 1940, the Soviets occupied several Romanian islands in the Danube Delta. Frontier incidents occurred on a daily basis. Soviet troops were concentrated on the Romanian border, Soviet aircraft made incessant incursions in Romania's air space, and — in January 1941 — Soviet vessels attempted to enter Romanian waters by force.[27] Tensions peaked in January 1941, when the Soviets demanded by ultimatum the control of the Danube Delta. Border clashes ensued near Galați (Covurlui County), where the Romanians were mining the Danube, during which between 26 and 100 were killed on both sides.[28]
Demise
editOn 20 January 1941, the Iron Guard attempted a coup, combined with a pogrom against the Jews of Bucharest. On 22 January, at the height of the Rebellion, the Iron Guard carried out the ritual murder of 200[verification needed] Jews at the Bucharest slaughterhouse, while the Guardists were singing Christian hymns, "an act of ferocity perhaps unique in the history of the Holocaust".[29] Within four days, Antonescu had successfully suppressed the coup. The Iron Guard was forced out of the government. Sima and many other legionnaires took refuge in Germany, while others were imprisoned. Antonescu abolished the National Legionary State, in its stead declaring Romania a "National and Social State."
The suppression of the Rebellion also provided some data on the military equipment used by the Iron Guard, amounting to 5,000 firearms (revolvers, rifles and machine guns) and numerous grenades in Bucharest alone.[30] The Legion also possessed a small armored force of two armored police cars and two Malaxa UE armored tracked carriers.[31] For transport, in Bucharest alone, the Legion also possessed almost 200 trucks.[32]
On 14 February 1941, the National Legionary State was formally abolished. Over 9,000 people implicated in the Legionary Rebellion were subsequently arrested, of which almost 2,000 (1,842, to be exact) were sentenced to various terms, ranging from a few months to life in prison.[33][34][35]
Military production
editSmall arms
editBetween 1938 and June 1941, Romania produced over 5,000 ZB vz. 30 light machine guns.[36]: 29 This accounts for an average monthly production of over 120 machine guns, meaning that around 500 were produced by the National Legionary State during its 4 months of existence.
Artillery pieces
editBetween 1938 and May 1941, Romania produced 102 Rheinmetall 37 mm anti-aircraft guns.[36]: 30 This accounts for an average monthly production of 2.5 pieces, meaning that around 10 were produced by the National Legionary State during its 4 months of existence.
Between 1936 and July 1941, Romania produced 100 Vickers 75 mm anti-aircraft guns.[36]: 30 This accounts for an average monthly production of 1.5 pieces, meaning that around 6 were produced by the National Legionary State during its 4 months of existence.
Armored vehicles
editBetween the latter half of 1939 and March 1941, Romania produced 126 Malaxa armored tractors.[36]: 33 This accounts for an average monthly production of just over 6 tractors, meaning that around 25 were produced by the National Legionary State during its 4 months of existence.
Aircraft
editDuring the National Legionary State, between October and December 1940, 20 IAR 39 light bombers were delivered.[36]: 245 Between April 1939 and March 1943, Romania produced 210 Fleet 10G trainers.[36]: 272 This accounts for an average monthly production of 4.5 aircraft, meaning that around 17 were produced by the National Legionary State during its 4 months of existence.
Legacy
editAccording to British historian Dennis Deletant: "Thus ended a unique chapter in the history of Fascism in Europe. The Guard had been the only radical movement of the Right in Europe to come to power without the assistance of Germany or Italy, and the only one to be toppled during Nazi Germany's domination of continental Europe."[37]
The National Legionary State ushered in Romania's Axis membership, first de facto by welcoming the German Army into the country, and soon afterwards, de jure through the signing of the Tripartite and Anti-Comintern Pacts. It also did away with most of Romania's traditional political class during the Jilava massacre before being suppressed itself in January 1941, then formally abolished in February. Footage of several historically valuable speeches survives from the National Legionary State era, such as a joint speech by Antonescu and Sima[38] and the funeral of the Guard's founder, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu.[39]
Stamps from the era of the National Legionary State
edit
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Leader of the Iron Guard, on an equal footing with the Conducător
- ^ a b Keith Hitchins, Romania 1866-1947, Clarendon Press, 1994, p. 484
- ^ Dennis Deletant, British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War, Springer, 2016, p. 33
- ^ Hans Rogger, Eugen Weber, The European Right: A Historical Profile, University of California Press, 1966, p. 551
- ^ Jean W. Sedlar (2007). The Axis Empire in Southeast Europe, 1939–1945. BookLocker.com. p. 20. ISBN 9781601452979.
- ^ Dennis Deletant, Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940-1944, Springer, 2006, p. 51
- ^ Rebecca Haynes (2016). Romanian Policy Towards Germany, 1936–40. Springer. p. 147. doi:10.1007/978-0-230-59818-8 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-0-230-59818-8.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ Institute for Historical Review, 1986, Journal of Historical Review, Volume 7, Issues 1-2, p. 213
- ^ Marina Cattaruzza, Stefan Dyroff, Dieter Langewiesche, Territorial Revisionism and the Allies of Germany in the Second World War: Goals, Expectations, Practices, Berghahn Books, 2012, p. 98
- ^ Grigore Stamate, Frontiera de stat a României, Editura Militară, 1997, p. 79 (in Romanian)
- ^ Enciclopedia de istorie a României, Recensămintele României: 1899-1992, Editura Meronia, 2002, p. 358 (in Romanian)
- ^ Dennis Deletant, Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940-1944, Springer, 2006, p. 53
- ^ Dennis Deletant, Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940-1944, Springer, 2006, pp. 57-58
- ^ Payne, Stanley (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0203501322.
- ^ Hitchins, Keith (2014). A concise history of Romania. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 204. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139033954. ISBN 978-0-521-87238-6. OCLC 858081302.
- ^ Gh. Buzatu, A History of Romanian Oil Vol II, Editura Mica Valahie, pp. 366-367. ISBN 9786068304977
- ^ John Lampe, Mark Mazower, Ideologies and National Identities: The Case of Twentieth-Century Southeastern Europe, Central European University Press, 2004, p. 40
- ^ Rusu, Mihai Stelian (May 2021). "Staging Death: Christofascist Necropolitics during the National Legionary State in Romania, 1940–1941". Nationalities Papers. 49 (3): 576–589. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.22. ISSN 0090-5992.
- ^ a b Gh. Buzatu, A History of Romanian Oil Vol II, Editura Mica Valahie, p. 367. ISBN 9786068304977
- ^ Keith Hitchins, Rumania 1866-1947, Clarendon Press, 1994, pp. 464-465
- ^ Clark, Roland (2015-06-05). Holy Legionary Youth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 228. doi:10.7591/9780801456343. ISBN 978-0-8014-5634-3.
- ^ Richard Z. Freemann, Jr., A Concise History of the Second World War: Its Origin, Battles and Consequences, Lulu.com, 2016, p. 100[self-published source]
- ^ Raphael Shen, The Restructuring of Romania's Economy: A Paradigm of Flexibility and Adaptability, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997, p. 5
- ^ Keith Hitchins, A Concise History of Romania, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 205
- ^ David Nicholls (2000). Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion. ABC-Clio. p. 225. ISBN 9781851093472.
- ^ S. Ionescu, Jewish Resistance to ‘Romanianization’, 1940-44, Springer, 2015, p. 110
- ^ Gh. Buzatu, A History of Romanian Oil Vol II, Editura Mica Valahie, pp. 366-368. ISBN 9786068304977
- ^ Dennis Deletant, Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940-1944, Springer, 2006, p. 280
- ^ Douglas M. Gibler, International Conflicts, 1816-2010: Militarized Interstate Dispute Narratives, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, pp. 378-379
- ^ Norman Manea, On Clowns: The Dictator and the Artist: Essays, Grove Press, 1993, p. 92
- ^ Henry Robinson Luce, Time, 1941, Volume 37, p. 29
- ^ Auswärtiges Amt, H.M. Stationery Office, 1961, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: The aftermath of Munich, Oct. 1938-March 1939, p. 1179
- ^ Roland Clark, Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania, Cornell University Press, 2015, p. 232
- ^ Keith Hitchins, Romania 1866-1947, Clarendon Press, 1994, p. 469
- ^ L. Leustean, Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania, 1947-65, Springer, 2008, p. 54
- ^ Rebecca Haynes, Martyn Rady, In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe, I.B. Tauris, 2013, p. 283
- ^ a b c d e f Axworthy, Mark; Scafeș, Cornel I.; Crăciunoiu, Cristian (1995). Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 1-85409-267-7. OCLC 32552622.
- ^ Dennis Deletant, Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940-1944, Springer, April 12, 2006, p. 66
- ^ Horia Sima and Ion Antonescu speech (YouTube)
- ^ Codreanu funeral (YouTube)