The Status Quo (Hebrew: סטטוס קוו; Arabic: الوضع الراهن) is an understanding among religious communities with respect to nine shared religious sites in Jerusalem and Bethlehem.[1] Other holy places in Israel and Palestine were not deemed subject to the Status Quo, because the authorities of one religion or community within a religion are in recognized or effective possession of them.[2]
The status quo stemmed from a firman (decree) of Ottoman sultan Osman III in 1757[3] that preserved the division of ownership and responsibilities of various Christian holy places. Further firmans issued in 1852 and 1853 affirmed that no changes could be made without consensus from all six Christian communities;[a][4][5] these firmans received international recognition in Article 9 of the Treaty of Paris (1856).[6] The term status quo was first used in regard to the Holy Places in the Treaty of Berlin (1878).[6]
The 1929 summary prepared by L. G. A. Cust, The Status Quo in the Holy Places, became the standard text on the subject,[7][8] and the details were further formalized in the 1949 United Nations Conciliation Commission after the 1947–1949 Palestine war.
History
edit
Controlled by the Roman Empire and then, following its division, by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, these eastern sites first became a point of contention in the centuries following 1054, when the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church separated. Following the seizure of the Holy Land by knights from the West in the First Crusade, the Catholic church became the custodian of the churches in Jerusalem. With the defeat of the crusader states and the rise of the Ottoman Empire, control of the sites oscillated between the Catholic (Latin) and the Orthodox (Greek) churches, depending upon which could obtain a favorable firman (decree) from the Ottoman Sublime Porte at a particular time, often through outright bribery.[citation needed] Violent clashes were not uncommon. There was no agreement about this question, although it was discussed at the negotiations to the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.[9]
During the Holy Week of 1757, Orthodox Christians reportedly took over some of the Franciscan-controlled church, possibly leading Sultan Osman III to write a 1757 decree forming the basis of the status quo.[10][better source needed][3] In the years preceding the Crimean War (1853–1856), Napoleon III of France pressured the sultan to invalidate the 1757 status quo in favor of the Catholic church, leading in part to Nicholas I of Russia declaring war in favor of the Orthodox church's rights. This resulted in 1852 and 1853 firmans by Sultan Abdülmecid I which received international recognition in Article 9 of the Treaty of Paris (1856) leaving the status quo intact. The existing territorial division was solidified amongst the communities,[4] the treaty stating that "The actual status quo will be maintained and the Jerusalem shrines, whether owned in common or exclusively by the Greek, Latin, and Armenian communities, will all remain forever in their present state." Despite this declaration, there are no unanimous terms defining the status quo, sometimes causing contradictory differences of opinion.[11]
Despite the arguments over who would control what aspects of these sites, the Status Quo has remained largely intact from the 18th century to the present.
The term status quo was first used in regards to the Holy Places in Article 62 of the Treaty of Berlin (1878).[6][b] A summary of the Status Quo prepared by L. G. A. Cust, a civil servant of the British Mandate, The Status Quo in the Holy Places, quickly became the standard text on the subject.[7][6]
Sites
edit
According to the United Nations Conciliation Commission, the Status Quo applies to nine sites in Jerusalem and Bethlehem,[1] which Cust separates into three categories:
- Disputed between Christian denominations:
- The Church of the Holy Sepulchre and its dependencies, Jerusalem
- The Deir es-Sultan, on top of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
- The Tomb of the Virgin Mary, Jerusalem
- The Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem
- The Chapel of the Milk Grotto, Bethlehem (no records exist)[12]
- The Chapel of the Shepherd's Field,[dubious – discuss] Bethlehem (no records exist)[12]
- The Church of the Holy Sepulchre and its dependencies, Jerusalem
- Disputed between Christians and Muslims:
- The Chapel of the Ascension, Jerusalem
- Disputed between Jews and Muslims:
- The Western Wall, Jerusalem[7]
- Rachel's Tomb, Bethlehem[7]
David's Tomb and Cenacle
editDavid's Tomb and Cenacle were not part of the Status quo arrangement during the British Mandate for Palestine; it is nevertheless in a similar position, being disputed by the Catholics who have built the current structure, the Muslims (the Ottoman sultan confiscated it from the Franciscans), and Jewish and Israeli institutions, who took control of it in 1948.
Immovable items
editImmovable ladder
editThe so-called immovable ladder[c] under the window of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, made of Lebanon cedar wood, was in place by 1728 and has apparently remained there since the 1757 status quo was established (with temporary moves occurring in 1997 and 2009).[5][13] The ladder is referred to as immovable due to the agreement of the Status Quo that no cleric of the six Churches[a] may move, rearrange, or alter any property without the consent of the other five orders.
Immovable washing vessels
editThe Church of the Tomb of Mary has also been historically used by Muslims. The qibla, a niche indicating the direction of Mecca, is currently boarded up. The two old bronze vessels once used by Muslims for ritual washing and the drainage opening underneath them are not being used anymore, but are nevertheless kept in their dedicated place.
See also
edit- Church of the Holy Sepulchre – Status Quo
- Church of the Nativity – Property and administration
- David's Tomb, not subject to the status quo, but of its own Muslim waqf
- Fischer-Chauvel Agreement
- Simultaneum
- Status quo (Israel)
- Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites
- Temple Mount entry restrictions
References
editFootnotes
- ^ a b The Catholics, Greek Orthodox, Armenian, Syriac Orthodox, Coptic Christians and Ethiopians
- ^ "The rights conceded to France are expressly reserved, it being well understood that the status quo with respect to the Holy Places shall not be seriously affected in any way."
- ^ Hebrew: סולם הסטטוס קוו; sulam ha-status kvo 'the status quo ladder'Arabic: السُّلَّمُ الثَّابِتُ; as-sullamu ṯ-ṯābitu 'the stationary ladder'
Citations
- ^ a b UN Conciliation Commission 1949, p. 7.
- ^ UN Conciliation Commission 1949, p. 7a: "As for example the Cenacle which, though a Christian Holy Place, has been in Moslem hands since the middle of the 16th century. The position that Christians do not in effect enjoy the right to hold services there is uncontested."
- ^ a b Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 209. ISBN 9781576079195.
- ^ a b Morio, Eva Maurer. "What does Status Quo stand for?". Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ^ a b Lancaster, James E. (2015). "The Church and the Ladder: Frozen in Time". CoastDaylight.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ^ a b c d Lapîdôt, Rût; Hirsch, Moshe (19 May 1994). The Jerusalem Question and Its Resolution: Selected Documents. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 0-7923-2893-0.
- ^ a b c d Breger, Marshall J.; Reiter, Yitzhak; Hammer, Leonard (16 December 2009). Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Confrontation and Co-existence. Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-135-26812-1.
- ^ Lionel George Archer Cust, Abdullah Effendi Kardus (September 26, 1930). "L.G.A. Cust, The Status Quo in the Holy Places (1930)" – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Mailáth, János Nepomuk Jozsef (1848). Geschichte der europäischen Staaten, Geschichte des östreichischen Kaiserstaates [History of the European states, history of Austrian Imperial State]. Vol. 4. Hamburg: F. Perthes. p. 262.
- ^ Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, 1757 (in Spanish).
- ^ Cohen, Raymond (May 2009). "The Church of the Holy Sepulchre: A Work in Progress". The Bible and Interpretation. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ a b Cust 1929: "The Grotto of the Milk and the Shepherd's Field near Bethlehem are also in general subject to the Status Quo, but in this connexion there is nothing on record concerning these two sites."
- ^ Herman, Danny (10 June 2009). "Who moved the ladder?". Private Tour Guide Israel - Danny the Digger. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
Sources
edit- UN Conciliation Commission (1949). United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine Working Paper on the Holy Places.
- Cust, L. G. A. (1929). The Status Quo in the Holy Places. H.M.S.O. for the High Commissioner of the Government of Palestine.
- Marlen Eordegian (2003), "British and Israeli Maintenance of the Status Quo in the Holy Places of Christendom", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 35, No. 2 (May, 2003), pp. 307–328
External links
edit- L. G. A. Cust's 1929 summary of the Status Quo history and regulations, with plans and photos Archived 2021-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
- Custody of the Holy Land, Status Quo – a short overview
- Aviva and Shmuel Bar-Am, "1,000 years of rivalry – and a little bit of harmony – at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher", in Times of Israel, "7 September 2012"
- Status Quo: All You Need to Know - a detailed look at Status Quo from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre