The Statute of Artificers 1563 or the Artificers and Apprentices Act 1563 (5 Eliz. 1. c. 4), also known as the Statute of Labourers 1562,[1] was an act of the Parliament of England, under Queen Elizabeth I, which sought to fix prices, impose maximum wages, restrict workers' freedom of movement and regulate training. The causes of the measures were short-term labour shortages due to mortality from epidemic disease, as well as, inflation, poverty, and general social disorder.[2] Local magistrates had responsibility for regulating wages in agriculture. Guilds regulated wages of the urban trades. Effectively, it transferred to the newly forming English state the functions previously held by the feudal craft guilds.[3] The measure sought to make agriculture a trade and a national priority of employment.[1]
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act containing divers Orders for Artificers, Labourers, Servants of Husbandry, and Apprentices. |
|---|---|
| Citation | 5 Eliz. 1. c. 4 |
| Territorial extent | England and Wales |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 10 April 1563 |
| Commencement | 10 April 1563[a] |
| Repealed | 1 September 1875 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amended by | |
| Repealed by | Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
Content and case law
editThe act controlled entry into the class of skilled workmen by providing a compulsory seven years' apprenticeship, reserved the superior trades for the sons of the better off, empowered justices to require unemployed artificers to work in husbandry, required permission for a workman to transfer from one employer to another and empowered justices to fix wage rates for virtually all classes of workmen.
Section 15 required justices at general sessions to set a yearly wage assessment ‘respecting the plenty or scarcity of the time’, covering ‘so many of the said artificers, handicraftsmen, husbandmen or any other labourer, servant or workman, whose wages in time past hath been by any law or statute rated and appointed, as also the wages of all other labourers, artificers, workmen or apprentices of husbandry, which have not been rated as they [the justices] … shall think meet by their directions to be rated...’ Sections 18-19 provided that if employers and workers agreed wages above the set rates, they could be imprisoned.
- Hobbs v Young (1689) 1 Show KB 266, Holt CJ, on apprentices under the 1562 Statute
Because the act had carefully listed all the trades to which it applied, it was held that it did not extend to trades which had not existed when it was passed.[4]
Legacy
editThe Select Committee on Temporary Laws and Courtenay Ilbert described the act as one of the first Consolidation Acts, as the preamble of the act gave reasons for the expediency of consolidation.[1]
The statute was abolished by the Wages, etc., of Artificers, etc. Act 1813 (53 Geo. 3. c. 40), as enlightened thought challenged existing notions of 'privilege'. This development was one of a series of initiatives that the British Parliament undertook to support the vastly changed economic climate of the nineteenth century.[5] After that it was no longer possible to prosecute anyone who practised a trade without having served a seven-year term.[6]
See also
edit- UK labour law
- Labour law
- History of competition law
- Ordinance of Labourers 1349 and Statute of Labourers 1351, which after the Black Death fixed maximum wages of peasantry.
Notes
editReferences
edit- Deakin, S. F.; Wilkinson, Frank (2005). The law of the labour market: industrialization, employment, and legal evolution. Oxford monographs on labour law. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815281-1.
- Woodward, Donald (1980). "The Background to the Statute of Artificers: The Genesis of Labour Policy, 1558-63". The Economic History Review. 33 (1): 32–44. doi:10.2307/2595542. ISSN 0013-0117.
- ^ a b c Ilbert, Courtenay (1901). Legislative methods and forms. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 44. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
- ^ Holderness, B. A. (1976). Pre-industrial England: economy and society, 1500-1750. London : Totowa, N.J: Dent ; Rowman & Littlefield. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-87471-910-9.
- ^ Hunt, Emery K. (2002). History of economic thought: a critical perspective (2nd ed.). Armonk, NY: Sharpe. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7656-0607-5.
- ^ "Apprenticeship in England". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ^ Mokyr, Joel (2009). The enlightened economy: an economic history of Britain, 1700-1850. The new economic history of Britain. New Haven (Conn.): Yale university press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-300-12455-2.
- ^ Apprenticeship in England