The purple-crowned plovercrest, or violet-crowned plovercrest, (Stephanoxis loddigesii) is a species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.[3][4]
| Purple-crowned plovercrest | |
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| male | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Strisores |
| Order: | Apodiformes |
| Family: | Trochilidae |
| Genus: | Stephanoxis |
| Species: | S. loddigesii
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| Binomial name | |
| Stephanoxis loddigesii (Vigors, 1831)
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| Synonyms | |
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Stephanoxis lalandi loddigesii | |
Taxonomy and systematics
editThe purple-crowned plovercrest and green-crowned plovercrest (Stephanoxis lalandi) were originally treated as separate species but in the mid-1900s were combined under the name "plovercrest" with the binomial S. lalandi. A study published in 2014 provided evidence that the original two-species treatment was correct. Taxonomists worldwide agreed and the two taxa were restored to species status. They are the only members of the genus and are monotypic.[5][6][3][7][4]
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Description
editThe purple-crowned plovercrest is 8.5 to 9.5 cm (3.3 to 3.7 in) long. Males weigh about 3.7 g (0.13 oz). Both sexes have a shortish, straight, black bill. Adult males have a shaggy violet-blue crest. Their face, chin, and throat are brownish with a white spot behind the eye. Their upperparts yellowish green. Their lower throat to upper belly is blackish violet-blue and the rest of the underparts are gray. Their central two pairs of tail feathers are green and the rest green with a blackish band near the end and whitish tips. Adult females and juveniles have a much smaller crest. Their upperparts are also yellowish green and their underparts gray.[8]
Distribution and habitat
editThe purple-crowned plovercrest is found in eastern Paraguay, far northeastern Argentina, and southern Brazil as far north as southern São Paulo state. It inhabits the understory of forest, scrublands, and vegetation along watercourses. In elevation it ranges between sea level and about 900 m (3,000 ft).[8]
Behavior
editMovement
editThe purple-crowned plovercrest is mostly sedentary but in the southernmost part of its range some individuals move to lower elevations in winter.[8]
Feeding
editThe purple-crowned plovercrest forages for nectar from near the ground to the canopy, utilizing both native and introduced flowering species. Males defend feeding territories during the breeding season. In addition to nectar, the species feeds on insects caught in flight or gleaned from leaves.[8]
Breeding
editThe purple-crowned plovercrest's breeding season spans from October to March in Brazil. Males usually gather at leks to court females, but single birds also display. Females make a cup nest of soft plant and seed fibers bound with spiderweb and with lichens on the outside. It is typically placed on a forked branch in vegetation at about 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) above the ground. Females incubate the clutch of two eggs for 14 to 16 days; the time to fledging has not been documented.[9][8]
Vocalization
editMales sing "a complex, modulated vocalization" at leks and when chasing other plovercrests.[8]
Status
editThe IUCN has assessed the purple-crowned plovercrest as being of Least Concern, though its population size and trend are unknown. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered patchily distributed and locally common in parts of its range and uncommon to rare in Paraguay. It occurs in several national parks and private reserves, and "[r]eadily accepts man-modified habitats such as farmland" as long as patches of scrub or forest remain.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Violet-crowned Plovercrest Stephanoxis loddigesii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22725761A94901895. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725761A94901895.en. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.1. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
- ^ a b HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved 27 May 2021
- ^ Cavarzere, V.; Silveira, L.F.; Vasconcelos, M.F.; Grantsau, R.; Straube, F.C (2014). "Taxonomy and biogeography of Stephanoxis Simon, 1897 (Aves: Trochilidae)". Pap. Avulsos Zool. 54 (7): 67–79. doi:10.1590/0031-1049.2014.54.07.
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
- ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
- ^ a b c d e f g del Hoyo, J., N. Collar, G. M. Kirwan, P. F. D. Boesman, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Purple-crowned Plovercrest (Stephanoxis loddigesii), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.plover4.01 retrieved August 6, 2022
- ^ Aurélio Pizo, Marco (March 2012). "Lek Behavior of the Plovercrest (Stephanoxis lalandi, Trochilidae)". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 124 (1): 106–112. doi:10.1676/11-055.1. ISSN 1559-4491.