The Stepped Stone Structure is the name given to the remains at a particular archaeological site (sometimes termed Area G) on the eastern side of the City of David, the oldest part of Jerusalem. The curved, 60-foot-high (18 m), narrow stone structure is built over a series of terraces (hence the name). A casemate wall adjoins the structure from a northerly direction at the upper levels, and may have been the original city wall.
Excavation and interpretation
editMacalister, the first to excavate the structure in the 1920s, called the remains he had found a "ramp" and believed it to be Jebusite.[1] Work continued in the 1960s with Kathleen Kenyon, who dated the structure to the start of Iron Age II (1000–900 BCE).[2] Yigal Shiloh excavated in the 1970s–80s.[3] After the discoveries by Kenyon and Shiloh, some scholars have suggested that the structure might be a retaining wall of a large administrative building or fortress.[4] Israel Finkelstein et al. propose and argue that the upper part of the structure was either built, or substantially rebuilt in the Hasmonean period.[5]: 154 However, Jodi Magness argues that the archaeological evidence suggests that the structure was initially built in the 12th century BCE (Iron Age I).[6]
Millo theory
edit
It is hypothesized that the structure may be the Biblical Millo. A recent excavation by Eilat Mazar directly above the Stepped Stone Structure shows that the structure connects with and supports the Large Stone Structure.[7] Mazar's interpretation of the evidence yields her hypothesis that the Large Stone Structure was an Israelite royal palace in continuous use from the tenth century until 586 BCE. She motivates her conclusion that the stepped stone structure and the large stone structure are parts of a single, massive royal palace by citing the biblical reference to the House of Millo in 2 Kings 12:21 as the place where King Joash was assassinated in 799 BCE while he slept in his bed. Millo is derived from "fill", (Hebrew milui). The stepped stone support structure is built of fills.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Macalister, R.A.S; Duncan, J. Garrow (1926). Excavations on the hill of Ophel, Jerusalem, 1923-1925, being the joint expedition of the Palestine exploration fund and the 'Daily Telegraph'. London: Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 51–55.
- ^ Kenyon, Kathleen M. (1974). Digging up Jerusalem. London: Benn. pp. 47–48, 101. OCLC 17997439.
- ^ Shiloh, Yigal (1984). Excavations at the City of David I, 1978-1982: Interim Report of the First Five Seasons. Qedem. Vol. 19. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. pp. 17, 27. OCLC 1123472006.
- ^ Mazar, Amihai (2006). "Jerusalem in the 10th century B.C.E.: The Glass Half Full". In Naʼaman, Nadav (ed.). Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Naʼaman. Eisenbrauns. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-57506-128-3.
- ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Herzog, Ze'ev; Singer-Avitz, Lily; Ussishkin, David (2007). "Has King David's Palace in Jerusalem Been Found?" (PDF). Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 34 (2): 142–164. doi:10.1179/tav.2007.2007.2.142. S2CID 161500349. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05.
- ^ Magness, Jodi (2024). Jerusalem Through the Ages: From Its Beginnings to the Crusades. Oxford University Press. pp. 71–74. ISBN 978-0-19-093780-5.
- ^ Mazar, Eilat (2015). "The Stepped Stone Structure". In Eilat Mazar (ed.). The Summit of the City of David, Excavations 2005-2008: Final Reports Volume I. Area G. Shoham Academic Research and Publication. pp. 169–188. ISBN 978-965-7726-00-6.
- ^ Mazar, Eilat, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David, Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005–2007, Shoham, Jerusalem and New York, 2009, p. 67.
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