Tecemotide (INN; emepepimut-S (USAN); formerly known as BLP25 or EMD 531444) is a synthetic lipopeptide that is used as antigen in an investigational therapeutic cancer vaccine (formerly known as Stimuvax, L-BLP25, BLP25 liposomal vaccine, or BLP25 liposome vaccine). The investigational therapeutic cancer vaccine is designed to induce a cellular immune response to cancer cells that express MUC1, a glycoprotein antigen that is widely over-expressed on common cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer. The cellular immune response may lead to a rejection of tumor tissue expressing the MUC1 antigen.[1]
| Vaccine description | |
|---|---|
| Target | MUC1 |
| Vaccine type | Protein subunit |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | Emepepimut-S; Stimuvax; BLP25; EMD 531444; L-BLP25; BLP25 liposomal vaccine |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |
|
| UNII | |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C124H203N33O38 |
Collaboration
editTecemotide was developed – until Clinical trial phase II – by the Canadian biotech company Biomira Inc., which changed its company name to Oncothyreon Inc. in 2007.[2] Oncothyreon is now located in Seattle, Washington, and it changed its name to SGEN after a merger and acquisition in March 2018.[citation needed]
In 2001, Merck KGaA, of Darmstadt, Germany, entered into a collaboration and supply agreement with Biomira. In 2007, Merck KGaA acquired the exclusive worldwide marketing rights from Biomira, and Merck KGaA has since then been entirely responsible for the further clinical development of tecemotide.[3] In 2008, Merck KGaA acquired the manufacturing rights for tecemotide from Oncothyreon.[4] In 2011, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, of Japan, acquired a co-development and co-marketing license for tecemotide in Japan; Ono paid Merck KGaA 5 million euros.[5]
Composition
editTecemotide is a synthetic lipopeptide that is 27 amino acids long. Its molecular formula is C124H203N33O38, and its amino acid sequence is S T A PPAH G VTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPKG. The first 25 amino acids of tecemotide are derived from the mucin 1 (MUC1, carcinoma-associated mucin, episialin, or CD227) sequence. The 26th modified amino acid, K, is palmityl-lysine (N6-(1-oxohexadecyl)-L-lysine), and the 27th is glycine.[6]
Structure of the cancer vaccine
edit
In the investigational therapeutic cancer vaccine (formerly known as Stimuvax, L-BLP25, BLP25 liposomal vaccine or BLP25 liposome vaccine), the antigen tecemotide is anchored — together with the adjuvant 3-O-deacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) — in the membrane of the liposome made from the lipids cholesterol, dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. MPL is a derivative of the lipid A molecule found in the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria used as an adjuvant to initiate a non-specific immune stimulus, thereby stimulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) as well as macrophages. MPL is also used as an adjuvant in other vaccines, like Cervarix, a vaccine against certain types of cancer-causing human papillomavirus (HPV).[1]
The precise mixture of lipids in the vaccine, as well as providing the structure of the liposome, is also formulated to enhance the uptake of the vaccine by the aforementioned antigen-presenting cells.[7]
The cancer vaccine is a lyophilized powder, which is formulated to contain 300 μg of tecemotide and 150 μg of MPL per vial.[1]
Clinical trials
editOverview and results of all trials
editTecemotide clinical trials (as of September 2, 2014)[8] sorted by (estimated) primary completion date:[9]
| Clinical trials:
Lung cancer, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, and Multiple myeloma | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT Number / Title |
Other IDs | Start Date | (Estimated) Primary Completion Date | Recruitment | Conditions | Interventions | Phases | Enrollment (Patients) | Sponsor / Collaborators |
| Clinical trial number NCT00157209 for "Phase IIb Randomized Controlled Study of BLP25 Liposome Vaccine for Immunotherapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer" at ClinicalTrials.gov | B25-LG-304 / EMR 63325-005 | August 2000 | March 2006 | Completed | Lung Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung | Biological: BLP25 Liposome Vaccine plus best supportive care; Other: Best Supportive Care (BSC) | Phase 2 | 171 | Merck KGaA |
| Results: A Phase IIb clinical trial of 171 patients with inoperable stage IIIb non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), in which tecemotide showed a trend towards extending median overall survival from 13.3 months for patients receiving best supportive care (BSC) to 30.6 months for patients receiving tecemotide plus BSC. Although this represents a subgroup analysis that is not statistically significant (with a nonsignificant P-value: p = 0.16), the magnitude of the difference and its durability over a prolonged period of follow up suggest an efficacy signal for the vaccine and would support further testing of tecemotide in a definitive phase III trial. Reported side effects included mild-to-moderate flu-like symptoms, gastrointestinal disturbances, and mild injection-site reactions.[10]Butts C, Maksymiuk A, Goss G, Soulières D, Marshall E, Cormier Y, et al. (September 2011). "Updated survival analysis in patients with stage IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer receiving BLP25 liposome vaccine (L-BLP25): phase IIB randomized, multicenter, open-label trial". Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 137 (9): 1337–1342. doi:10.1007/s00432-011-1003-3. PMID 21744082. S2CID 25108866. | |||||||||
| NCT00157196 Safety Study of BLP25 Liposome Vaccine in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Unresectable Stage III Disease |
B25-LG-305 / EMR 63325-006 | April 2005 | September 2009 | Completed | Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, Lung Neoplasms | Biological: BLP25 Liposome Vaccine | Phase 2 | 22 | Merck KGaA |
| NCT00925548 STRIDE - STimulating Immune Response In aDvanced brEast Cancer |
STRIDE, EMR 200038–010, 2008-005544-17 | September 2009 | August 2010 | Terminated | Breast Cancer | Biological: Tecemotide (L-BLP25) and Hormonal Treatment, Biological: Placebo of tecemotide (L-BLP25) and Hormonal Treatment, Drug: cyclophosphamide, Drug: sodium chloride (NaCl) | Phase 3 | 16 | EMD Serono |
| A thirty-site phase III trial (STRIDE) began in September 2009 on 900 women. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the addition of tecemotide to hormonal treatment is effective in prolonging progression-free survival in postmenopausal women with endocrine-sensitive inoperable locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic breast cancer.[11][12]
Results: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) put the Phase III STRIDE trial on hold in March 2010 after a patient participating in a Phase II clinical trial with tecemotide in patients with multiple myeloma developed encephalitis.[13] The study was terminated in August 2010 (16 patients were enrolled in the study). | |||||||||
| NCT01094548 Study of Stimuvax in Patients With Slowly Progressive Multiple Myeloma With no Symptoms and Who Have Had no Chemotherapy |
EMR63325-008 | February 2008 | February 2011 | Completed | Multiple Myeloma | Biological: L-BLP25, cyclophosphamide prior to first vaccination, Biological: L-BLP25 | Phase 2 | 34 | Merck KGaA |
| NCT00409188 Cancer Vaccine Study for Unresectable Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer |
START, EMR 63325-001 | January 2007 | August 2012 | Completed | Non-small Cell Lung Cancer | Biological: Tecemotide (L-BLP25), Biological: Placebo | Phase 3 | 1513 | EMD Serono, Merck KGaA |
| Results: The primary endpoint of overall survival was not met in the START trial.[14] However, the exploratory subgroup analysis in the START trial generated a reasonable hypothesis to warrant additional study.Kolahdooz F, Jang SL, Corriveau A, Gotay C, Johnston N, Sharma S (October 2014). "Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours towards cancer screening in indigenous populations: a systematic review". The Lancet. Oncology. 15 (11): e504–e516. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70508-X. PMID 25281469. | |||||||||
| NCT01731587 Anti-cancDer MUC1-specific Immunotherapy for Unresectable Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer |
FINGERPRINT, EMR 63325–019, 2012-001435-31 | Withdrawn | Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Stage III | Other: Biological: MUC1 peptide specific immunotherapy, Drug: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) | Phase 1 | 0 | Merck KGaA | ||
| NCT00960115 Study of EMD531444 in Subjects With Stage III Unresectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Following Primary Chemoradiotherapy |
EMR063325-009 | December 2008 | May 2014 | Completed | Non-small Cell Lung Cancer | Biological: cyclophosphamide + EMD531444 + BSC, Biological: Saline + Placebo + BSC | Phase 1, Phase 2 | 205 | Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Co., Ltd., Japan |
| Results: The analysis of EMR 63325–009, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase I/II study in Japanese patients with Stage III unresectable, locally advanced NSCLC who had received concurrent or sequential chemoradiotherapy (CRT), with a minimum of two cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy and radiation dose ≥50 Gy shows the following results: Of the patients included in the Phase II part of the study, the majority had received concurrent CRT. The results indicate that no effect has been observed for either the primary endpoint, overall survival (OS), or any of the secondary endpoints (progression-free survival [PFS], time to progression [TTP], and time to treatment failure). An analysis of the reported adverse events has not identified a clinically meaningful difference in the frequency between treatment groups. Merck Serono made the recommendation to stop the investigational treatment for patients in the EMR 63325-009 study in Japan.[15] | |||||||||
| EudraCT: 2011-004822-85 A prospective, open, randomized, phase-II study of a therapeutic cancer vaccine (L-BLP25, Stimuvax) in the pre-operative treatment of women with primary breast cancer |
ABCSG-34 / EMR 63325-603 | Jan 2012 | May 2014 | Active, not recruiting | Breast Cancer | L-BLP25 (Stimuvax), Cyclophosphamide (CPA), LETROZOLE, EPIRUBICIN, DOCETAXEL | Phase 2 | 400 | ABCSG (Austrian Breast & Colorectal Cancer Study Group) |
| Results:
8 May 2012[16]
26 Sept 2014[17]
| |||||||||
| NCT01507103 Tecemotide (L-BLP25) in Rectal Cancer |
SPRINT, EMR063325-013, 2011-000847-25 | February 2012 | June 2014 | Active, not recruiting | Rectal Cancer | Cyclophosphamide (CPA), Tecemotide (L-BLP25) | Phase 2 | 124 | Merck KGaA |
| NCT00828009 BLP25 Liposome Vaccine and Bevacizumab After Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Newly Diagnosed Stage IIIA or Stage IIIB Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer That Cannot Be Removed by Surgery |
CDR0000632611, E6508 | December 2010 | January 2016 | Recruiting | Lung Cancer | Biological: bevacizumab, Biological: emepepimut-S, Drug: carboplatin, Drug: cyclophosphamide, Drug: paclitaxel, Radiation: radiation therapy | Phase 2 | 55 | Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, National Cancer Institute (NCI) |
| NCT01462513 L-BLP25 in Patients With Colorectal Carcinoma After Curative Resection of Hepatic Metastases |
LICC01 | August 2011 | September 2016 | Recruiting | Colon Carcinoma, Rectum Carcinoma | Biological: L-BLP25, Biological: Placebo | Phase 2 | 159 | Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Dr. Carl Schimanski |
| NCT01496131 Tecemotide (L-BLP25) in Prostate Cancer |
EMR 63325–015, BB-IND 7787 | October 2011 | August 2017 | Recruiting | Prostate Cancer | Radiation: Radiation therapy, Drug: Goserelin, Drug: Cyclophosphamide, Drug: Tecemotide (L-BLP25) | Phase 2 | 48 | EMD Serono, National Cancer Institute (NCI) |
| NCT02049151 Tecemotide Following Concurrent Chemo-radiotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer |
START2, EMR 63325–021, 2013-003760-30 | March 2014 | July 2018 | Recruiting | Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung | Drug: Tecemotide, Drug: Placebo, Drug: Cyclophosphamide (CPA), Drug: Saline (sodium chloride) | Phase 3 | 1002 | EMD Serono |
| NCT01423760 Collect Long-term Data on Subjects Following Participation in Previous EMD 531444 (L-BLP25 or BLP25 Liposome Vaccine) Clinical Trials |
EMR 63325-011 | January 2012 | December 2019 | Enrolling by invitation | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Multiple Myeloma | Biological: Tecemotide, Other: No intervention | 262 | Merck KGaA | |
| NCT01015443 Cancer Vaccine Study for Stage III, Unresectable, Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) in the Asian Population |
INSPIRE, EMR63325-012 | December 2009 | May 2020 | Recruiting | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Biological: Tecemotide (L-BLP25), Biological: Placebo | Phase 3 | 500 | Merck KGaA |
| Note: Merck KGaA and Oncothyreon are not reporting in their annual reports on colorectal cancer trials and prostate cancer trials[18][19] | |||||||||
Overview of completed trials
editOverview of completed tecemotide trials (as of September 2, 2014)[20] where results have been published, sorted by primary completion date:[21]
| ID | Phase | Indication | Start | Primary Completion Date |
Summary of the results[22] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMR 63325-005 | 2 | NSCLC | August 2000 | March 2006 | Subgroup analysis favorable. |
| START, EMR 63325-001 | 3 | NSCLC | January 2007 | August 2012 | Primary endpoint not met. Subgroup analysis favorable. |
| EMR 63325-009 (Japan study) | 1, 2 | NSCLC | December 2008 | May 2014 | Primary endpoint and secondary endpoints not met. Subgroup analysis not favorable. |
Discontinued development
editOn August 18 and September 12, 2014, Oncothyreon[23] and Merck KGaA, respectively, reported that a randomized Phase 1/2 study, EMR 63325–009, of tecemotide compared to a placebo in Japanese patients with Stage III non-small cell lung cancer did not meet its primary endpoint of an improvement in overall survival, and no treatment effect was seen in any of the secondary endpoints (progression-free survival, time to progression, or time to failure). Merck made the recommendation to stop the investigational treatment of patients in the EMR 63325-009 study in Japan.
Furthermore, Merck KGaA announced its decision to discontinue the Phase III START2 and INSPIRE studies, and all other Merck-sponsored clinical trials with tecemotide in NSCLC, worldwide. Merck will continue to supply tecemotide for ongoing investigator-sponsored trials in other indications in accordance with their agreements with the sponsors of these studies.[24]
Drug development risks
editRisks that could affect the further development of tecemotide published in the annual reports of Oncothyreon (grantor of the license) and Merck KGaA (license holder; responsible for clinical development, marketing and manufacturing) are listed in the following sections.[citation needed]
Efficacy
editAs published so far, primary end points have not been met in the clinical studies, and tecemotide has shown treatment effects only in statistical analyses of certain subgroups.[25]
Patent situation
editOncothyreon's patent protection for tecemotide in the U.S. was scheduled to expire in 2018.[26]
Human resources
editIn 2013, Merck KGaA reported problems with recruiting and retaining qualified employees: "Sourcing, recruiting and retaining specialists and talent at Merck are among the company's top priorities. Nevertheless, employee-related risks that affect business activities are likely, even though their impact is difficult to assess. Merck rates this as a medium risk."[27]
Merck KGaA further reported with respect to its pharma division, Merck Serono: "Over 80% of the Merck Serono senior management positions [have been] replaced since 2011 [as of September 2014]."[28]
Novel technologies
editTecemotide is based on novel technologies, which may raise new regulatory issues that could delay or complicate regulatory approval. Additionally, as of 2013, the FDA had approved for commercial sale in the United States only one active vaccine designed to stimulate an immune response against cancer. Consequently, there is limited precedent for the successful development or commercialization of products based on these technologies in this area.[29]
Manufacture
editMerck KGaA currently relies on third-party manufacturers to supply the product candidate: On Baxter International for the manufacture of tecemotide, and on GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) for the manufacture of the adjuvant in tecemotide, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). As of 2013, there was a risk that if tecemotide were not approved by 2015, GSK could terminate its obligation to supply MPL. In this case, Oncothyreon would have had to retain the necessary licenses from GSK required to have the adjuvant MPL manufactured, but the transfer of the process to a third party would delay the development and commercialization of tecemotide.[30]
Competition
editThere are currently two products approved as maintenance therapy following treatment of inoperable locoregional Stage III NSCLC with induction chemotherapy: Tarceva (erlotinib), a targeted small molecule from Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, and Alimta (pemetrexed), a chemotherapeutic from Eli Lilly and Company. Tecemotide has not been tested in combination with or in comparison to these products. It is possible that other existing or new agents will be approved for this indication. In addition, there are at least two vaccines in development for the treatment of NSCLC, including GSK's MAGE A3 vaccine in Phase 3 and Transgene's TG-4010 in Phase 2/3. TG-4010 also targets MUC1, although using technology different from tecemotide.[31]
Drug development cost
editThe costs spent on tecemotide development – beginning in the late 1990s – have not been published in detail by the companies Biomira/Oncothyreon, Merck KGaA, and Ono Pharmaceutical. Additionally, the estimation of the full cost of bringing a new drug to market – from discovery through clinical trials to approval – is complex and controversial.[citation needed]
However, a cautious estimate of the tecmotide development cost spent until 2014 ranges from €300 to €500 million (US$390 to US$650 million;[citation needed] for more information see Drug development).
Timeline
edit| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| May 1998 | Biomira files a BLP25 (tecemotide) patent[32] |
| May 2001 | Biomira licenses BLP25 (tecemotide) to Merck KGaA |
| Aug 2001 | Biomira publishes results of a Phase I study of the BLP25 (tecemotide)Palmer M, Parker J, Modi S, Butts C, Smylie M, Meikle A, et al. (August 2001). "Phase I study of the BLP25 (MUC1 peptide) liposomal vaccine for active specific immunotherapy in stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer". Clinical Lung Cancer. 3 (1): 49–57, discussion 58. doi:10.3816/clc.2001.n.018. PMID 14656392. |
| Mar 2006 | Results of the Phase IIb Study (EMR 63325-005): Subgroup analysis favorable |
| Aug 2007 | Merck KGaA acquires worldwide marketing rights for tecemotide from Oncothyreon and will be entirely responsible for the further clinical development of tecemotide |
| Sep 2007 | Biomira changes company name to Oncothyreon |
| Dec 2008 | Merck KGaA acquires manufacturing rights for tecemotide from Oncothyreon |
| Dec 2009 | INSPIRE study (EMR63325-012) started. Estimated primary completion date is May 2020 |
| Oct 2011 | Ono Pharmaceutical acquires a co-development and co-marketing license for tecemotide in Japan |
| Dec 2012 | Results of the START study (EMR 63325-001): Primary endpoint not met. Subgroup analysis favorable |
| Mar 2014 | START2 study (EMR 63325-021) started. Estimated primary completion date is July 2018 |
| Aug 2014 | Results of the Japan study (EMR 63325-009): Primary endpoint and secondary endpoints not met. Subgroup analysis not favorable[33] |
| Sep 2014 | Merck KGaA terminates the NSCLC development |
References
edit- ^ a b c d Goss G, Anderson H, Maksymiuk A, Vergidis D, Soulieres D, Cormier Y, et al. (September 2009). "BLP25 liposome vaccine (L-BLP25): long-term safety results from a phase IIb study of patients with stage IIIB and IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated for 2 years or more" (PDF). Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 4 (9). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: S681. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2014.
- ^ Biomira announces plan to change name to Oncothyreon
- ^ Aug 8, 2007, Biomira and Merck KGaA sign amended and restated collaboration and supply agreements related to Stimuvax
- ^ Dec 18, 2008, Merck KGaA acquires manufacturing rights for Stimuvax from Oncothyreon
- ^ Merck KGaA press release from October 4, 2011
- ^ WHO Drug Information, Vol. 26, No. 4, 2012; Proposed INN: List 108
- ^ Wurz GT, Kao CJ, Wolf M, DeGregorio MW (2015-01-27). "Tecemotide: an antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 10 (11): 3383–3393. doi:10.4161/hv.29836. PMC 4514140. PMID 25483673.
- ^ ClinicalTrials.gov
- ^ The primary completion date is defined as the date when the final subject was examined or received an intervention for the purposes of final collection of data for the primary outcome.
- ^ Butts C (August 2007). "Stimuvax (L-BLP25): a peptide vaccine strategy in non-small cell lung cancer: M17-03". Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2 (Supplement 4): S199–201. doi:10.1097/01.JTO.0000282977.65747.30.
- ^ Merck KGaA to test Stimuvax in breast cancer trial (FierceVaccines)[usurped]
- ^ UPDATE 2-Merck to test Stimuvax cancer drug in Phase III (Thomson Reuters)
- ^ Merck KGaA press release from June 17, 2010
- ^ Experimental Cancer Treatment L-BLP25 (Stimuvax) Did Not Meet Primary Endpoint of Improvement in Overall Survival in Pivotal Phase III Trial in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (Onco'Zine - The International Cancer Network)
- ^ Merck Discontinues Clinical Development Program of Tecemotide as a Monotherapy in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - Merck KGaA Press release from 12 Sept 2014
- ^ Startschuss für innovative Brustkrebs-Impfstudie ABCSG-34
- ^ ABCSG 34: Randomisierung beendet!
- ^ Merck KGaA Annual Report 2013
- ^ Oncothyreon Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
- ^ ClinicalTrials.gov
- ^ The primary completion date is defined as the date when the final subject was examined or received an intervention for the purposes of final collection of data for the primary outcome.
- ^ All references related to this table can be found in the section "Overview and results of all trials"
- ^ Oncothyreon's 8-K SEC filing from Aug 18, 2014 Archived August 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Merck Discontinues Clinical Development Program of Tecemotide as a Monotherapy in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - Merck KGaA Press release from 12 Sept 2014
- ^ Oncothyreon's Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
- ^ Oncothyreon's Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
- ^ Merck KGaA Annual Report 2013
- ^ Merck Serono Investor & Analyst Day 2014 - Stefan Oschmann's presentation - Slide 6 - 18 Sept 2014
- ^ Oncothyreon's Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
- ^ Oncothyreon's Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
- ^ Oncothyreon's Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
- ^ US Patent 6,600,012, Agrawal et al., Lipid-modified MUC-1 derivatives
- ^ Oncothyreon's 8-K SEC filing from Aug 18, 2014