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Stormfront (website)

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Stormfront is a neo-Nazi Internet forum, and the Web's first major racial hate site.[2][3] The site is focused on propagating white nationalism, Nazism, antisemitism (especially antisemitic conspiracy theories) and Islamophobia, as well as antifeminism, homophobia,[4] transphobia, Holocaust denial, and white supremacy.[5][6]

Stormfront
Type of site
Neo-Nazi forum
Available inEnglish, with sub-forums in multiple languages
OwnerDon Black
Created byDon Black
URLstormfront.org
CommercialNo
RegistrationRequired to post (except in open sub-forums)
LaunchedNovember 1996; 28 years ago (1996-11)[1]
Current statusOnline

Stormfront began as an online bulletin board system in the early 1990s before being established as a website in 1996 by the former Ku Klux Klan leader and white supremacist Don Black. It received national attention in the United States in 2000 after being featured as the subject of a documentary called Hate.Com. Stormfront has been the subject of controversy after being removed from French, German, and Italian Google indices; for targeting an online Fox News poll on racial segregation; and for having political candidates as members. Its prominence has grown since the 1990s, attracting attention from watchdog organizations that oppose racism and antisemitism.

In August 2017, Stormfront was taken offline for just over a month when its registrar seized its domain name due to complaints that it promoted hatred and that some of its members were linked to murder.[7][8] The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law claimed credit for the action after advocating for Stormfront's web host, Network Solutions, to enforce its Terms of Service agreement, which prohibits users from using its services to incite violence.[9][10]

History

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Early history

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Stormfront began in 1990 as an online bulletin board supporting the white nationalist David Duke's campaign for United States senator for Louisiana. The name "Stormfront" was chosen for its connotations of a political or military front (such as the German Nazi Sturmabteilung (also known as storm troopers or SA) and an analogy with weather fronts that invokes the idea of a tumultuous storm ending in cleansing.[11] The Stormfront website has been registered at Network Solutions since 1995 and was founded in 1996 by Don Black, a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1970s and a member of the National Socialist White People's Party.[12][13][14] Black first received computer training while he was imprisoned for his role in an abortive 1981 attempt to overthrow the government of Dominica.[15][16]

Although Stormfront became the first website associated with white supremacy, its founding as a private cyberspace medium for white supremacy was based on the earlier online bulletin board system Liberty Net.[17][18] Liberty Net was implemented in 1984 by Klan Grand Dragon Louis Beam and protected by four password-protected computers that took the FBI two years to decrypt.[19] Liberty Net's code-accessed message board contained personal ads along with recruitment material and information about the white power movement.[19] Liberty Net's success as a computer platform led to Stormfront's establishment and later conversion into a website.

Until this point, attempts at using the Internet as opposed to bulletin boards have had limited success for the white pride movement,[20] but Stormfront developed a following with the growth of the Internet during the 1990s.[11][21] By 1999, nearly 2,000 websites associated with white supremacism existed, with the recruitment power of reaching millions across the United States.[22]

National attention

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The website has received considerable attention in the United States, given that, as of 2009, it had over 120,000 active members.[23]

The 2000 CBS/HBO TV documentary special Hate.com focused on the rise of hate groups online and included input from Don Black, the founder of Stormfront.[24] Narrated by Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), it featured interviews with Black and his child Derek as well as interviews with other white nationalist groups and organizations.[24] Black had participated in the hope that the broadcast would show some sympathy towards the white nationalist movement, but Hate.com focused exclusively on the group's tactics and not its grievances.[22]

Controversies

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In 2002, Google complied with French and German legislation forbidding links to websites that host white supremacist, Holocaust-denying, or historical negationism material by removing Stormfront's website from their French and German indexes.[25]

Stormfront returned to the news in May 2003, when Fox News Channel host Bill O'Reilly reported on a racially segregated prom being held in Georgia and posted a poll on his website asking his viewers if they would send their own children to one. The next night, O'Reilly announced that he could not report the results of the poll as it appeared Stormfront had urged its members to vote in the poll, thus skewing the numbers.[26]

Doug Hanks, a candidate for the city council of Charlotte, North Carolina, withdrew his nomination in August 2005 after it was revealed that he had posted on Stormfront. Hanks had posted more than 4,000 comments over three years, including one in which he described black people as "rabid beasts".[27][28] Hanks said his postings were designed to gain the trust of Stormfront users to help him write a novel: "I did what I thought I needed to do to establish myself as a credible white nationalist."[27]

In 2012, Italian police blocked the website and arrested four people for inciting racial hatred.[29] The measure was taken after the publication of a blacklist of "prominent Jews and people who support Jews and immigrants" on the Italian section of the website. The list included possible targets of violent attacks, including Romani camps.[30] The subsequent year, in November 2013, Italian police raided the homes of 35 Stormfront posters. One man who was arrested in Mantua had two loaded weapons, a hand grenade casing, and a flag with a swastika in his possession.[31]

According to a 2014 two-year study by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)'s Intelligence Report, registered Stormfront users have been disproportionately responsible for some of the most lethal hate crimes and mass killings since its founding in 1995. From 2009 to 2014, nearly 100 people were murdered by members of Stormfront.[32][33][34][35] Of these, 77 were massacred by Stormfront user Anders Behring Breivik, a Norwegian terrorist and perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks.[36]

Public profile and later history

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The total of registered users is just shy of 300,000, a fairly astounding number for a site run by an ex-felon and former Alabama Klan leader. And that doesn't include thousands of visitors who never register as users. At press time, Stormfront ranked as the Internet's 13,648th most popular site, while the NAACP site, by comparison, ranked 32,640th. – The Year in Hate and Extremism, 2015[37]

In a 2001 USA Today article, journalist Tara McKelvey called Stormfront "the most visited white supremacist site on the Net."[16] The number of registered users on the site rose from 5,000 in January 2002 to 52,566 in June 2005,[38] by which year it was the 338th largest Internet forum, receiving more than 1,500 hits each weekday and ranking in the top one percent of Internet sites in terms of use.[39][40] By June 2008, the site was attracting more than 40,000 unique users each day.[41] Operating the site from its West Palm Beach, Florida headquarters is Black's full-time job, and he was assisted by his child and 40 moderators.[12][41][42] The public profile of the site attracted attention from groups such as the Simon Wiesenthal Center and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL).[43] The ADL describes Stormfront as having "served as a veritable supermarket of online hate, stocking its shelves with many forms of anti-Semitism and racism".[44]

In 2006, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) reported a discussion on Stormfront in which white nationalists were encouraged to join the United States military to learn the skills necessary for winning a race war.[45][46] The 2008 United States presidential candidacy of African-American Democrat Barack Obama was a cause of significant concern for some Stormfront members:[41] the site received 2,000 new members the day after Obama was elected as president, and went offline temporarily due to the increase in visitors.[47] Stormfront posters saw Obama as representing a new multicultural era in the United States replacing "white rule", and feared that he would support illegal immigration and affirmative action and that he would help make white people a minority group.[41]

During the 2008 primary campaigns, The New York Times mistakenly reported that Stormfront had donated $500 to Republican presidential hopeful Ron Paul;[48] in fact, it was site owner Don Black who had contributed the money to Paul.[49]

Following an April 2009 shooting, Richard Poplawski, a poster on the site, calling himself Braced for Fate, was charged with ambushing and killing three Pittsburgh police officers and attempting to kill nine others.[50]

During the 2016 election season, site founder Don Black said that the site was experiencing huge spikes in traffic corresponding to controversial statements by Donald Trump, who is popular among white supremacists. In response, Black upgraded the site's servers.[51]

Black's child Derek, who was a long-time participant in the site, has disavowed the beliefs held by their father and family and the Stormfront site. Through their years in college, Derek Black came to feel that white nationalism is not supportable. Their story was captured in the book, "Rising Out of Hatred" by Eli Saslow.[52][53]

In August 2017, Stormfront's domain name was seized by its registrar for "displaying bigotry, discrimination or hatred."[9]

The site came back online on September 29, 2017. As of October 2017, services to keep the site online were provided by Tucows, Network Solutions, and Cloudflare.[54]

The neo-Nazi supervillain Stormfront in the Amazon Prime superhero series The Boys is named after the website.[55]

Content

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Stormfront is a white nationalist,[5] white supremacist[6] and neo-Nazi website[2] known as a hate site.[3]

It is a site on which Nazi mysticism and the personality cult of Adolf Hitler are sustained and Nazi iconography is used and accepted.[56] The Stormfront website is organized primarily as a discussion forum with multiple thematic sub-forums including "News", "Ideology and Philosophy" ("Foundations for White Nationalism"), "Culture and Customs", "Theology", "Quotations", "Revisionism", "Science, Technology and Race" ("Genetics, eugenics, racial science and related subjects"), "Privacy", "Self-Defense, Martial Arts, and Preparedness", "Homemaking", "Education and Homeschooling", "Youth", and "Music and Entertainment".[38][41] There are boards for different geographic regions, and a section open to unregistered guests, who are elsewhere unable to post, and even then, only under heavy moderation.[citation needed]

Services

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Stormfront's logo, featuring a Celtic cross surrounded by the motto "white pride world wide"

The Stormfront website hosts files from and links to a number of white nationalist and white racist websites,[17] an online dating service (for "heterosexual White Gentiles only"), and electronic mailing lists that allows the white nationalist community to discuss issues of interest.[20][43][57] It features a selection of current news reports, an archive of past stories, live streaming of The Political Cesspool radio show,[58] and a merchandise store featuring literature and music.[59] Stormfront has reportedly published stories aimed at children.[56]

A 2001 study of recruitment by extremist groups on the Internet noted that Stormfront at that time came close to offering most of the standard services offered by web portals, including an internal search engine, web hosting, and categorized links, and lacking only an Internet search engine and the provision of free email for its members (though a limited email service was available at the price of $30 a month).[56]

Design

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Prominently featured on the homepage is a Celtic cross surrounded by the words "white pride world wide." Stormfront states it discourages racial slurs, and prohibits violent threats and descriptions of anything illegal.[38][56] Others state that blatant hate and calls for violence are only kept off the opening page.[59][60]

The site uses the Fraktur font,[61] which was the favored font of the Nazi Party when it emerged in the early 1920s. Official Nazi documents and letterheads employed the font, and the cover of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf used a hand-drawn version of it.[62]

Purpose and appeal

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Don Black has long attempted to increase the mainstream appeal of white supremacy.[38] Black established Stormfront to heighten awareness of perceived anti-white discrimination and government actions detrimental to white people,[63] and to create a virtual community of white extremists.[11][41][56][64] Black owns the site's servers, so he is not dependent upon website hosting providers.[40]

Black's organization inculcated enough white pride to make "its worldwide aspirations meaningful and socially significant".[59] Stormfront keeps the rhetoric in its forums muted, discourages racial slurs, and prohibits violent threats and descriptions of anything illegal.[38][56] Site moderator Jamie Kelso was reportedly "the motivating force behind real community-building among Stormfront members" due to his energy and enthusiasm in organizing offline events.[65] Black's positioning the site as a community with the explicit purpose of "defending the white race" helped sustain the community, as it attracts white people who define themselves in opposition to ethnic minorities, particularly Jews.[38]

Stormfront established MartinLutherKing.org to discredit Martin Luther King Jr.[66] In a 2001 study of white nationalist groups including Stormfront, academics Beverly Ray and George E. Marsh II commented: "Like the Nazis before them, they rely upon a blend of science, ignorance, and mythology to prop up their arguments".[56][67]

Ideology

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Stormfront presents itself as being engaged in a struggle for unity and identifies culture, speech, and free association as its core concerns,[59] though members of Stormfront are especially passionate about racial purity.[65] It promotes a lone wolf mentality, which links it to white nationalist theorist Louis Beam's influential work on leaderless resistance and offers a sympathetic assessment of Benjamin Nathaniel Smith, a white supremacist who committed suicide after a racially motivated killing spree in July 1999.[56] Violet Jones notes that Stormfront credits its mission to "the founding myth of an America created, built, and ideologically grounded by the descendants of white Europeans."[68] Don Black has specifically compared his views to those of the Founding Fathers, whom he asserts "did not believe that an integrated black and white society was possible in America."[69] Asked in 2008 by an interviewer for the Italian newspaper la Repubblica whether Stormfront was a 21st-century version of the Ku Klux Klan without the iconography, Black responded affirmatively, though he noted that he would never say so to an American journalist.[70] In addition to its promotion of antisemitism and Holocaust denial, Stormfront has increasingly become active in the propagation of Islamophobia.[71]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wojcieszak, Magdalena (June 16, 2009). "Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights". Sociological Inquiry 80 (1). ISBN 9780742565258. Retrieved March 24, 2016. ...John Black founded Stormfront in November 1996….
  2. ^ a b Sources which consider Stormfront a neo-Nazi website include:
  3. ^ a b Sources which identify Stormfront as the Internet's "first hate site" include:
  4. ^ "Stormfront". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on February 3, 2022.
  5. ^ a b Sources which describe Stormfront as a white nationalist website include:
  6. ^ a b Sources which describe Stormfront as a white supremacist website include:
  7. ^ "World's oldest neo-Nazi website Stormfront shut down". The Telegraph. Associated Press. August 29, 2017. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017.
  8. ^ Hern, Alex (August 29, 2017). "Stormfront: 'murder capital of internet' pulled offline after civil rights action". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017.
  9. ^ a b Crocker, Brittany (August 29, 2017). "White supremacist forum site Stormfront seized by domain hosts". Knoxville News Sentinel. USA Today. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  10. ^ "Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law Takes Action Leading to Shut Down of Stormfront.com" (Press release). Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. August 28, 2017. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c Swain, Carol M.; Nieli, Russ, eds. (2003). "Don Black". Contemporary Voices of White Nationalism in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–165. ISBN 978-0-521-01693-3.
  12. ^ a b Schwab Abel, David (February 19, 1998). "The Racist Next Door". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015.
  13. ^ Schultz, David A., ed. (2000). It's Show Time!: Media, Politics, and Popular Culture. Frankfurt Am Main: P. Lang. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-8204-4135-1.
  14. ^ Biggs, John (August 28, 2017). "Another neo-Nazi site, Stormfront, is shut down". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  15. ^ Lloyd, Robin (August 8, 1999). "Web trackers hunt racist groups online". CNN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
  16. ^ a b McKelvey, Tara (August 16, 2001). "Father and Son Team on Hate Site". USA Today. Gannett Company. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
  17. ^ a b Swain, Carol Miller (2002). The New White Nationalism in America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80886-6. Stormfront has links to many dozens of other white nationalist and white racist websites, and many of these also feed into Stormfront.
  18. ^ Altschiller, Donald (2015). Hate Crimes: A Reference Handbook (Third ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610699464. OCLC 909777157.
  19. ^ a b Belew, Kathleen (December 31, 2018). Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/9780674984943. ISBN 9780674984943. S2CID 158661768.
  20. ^ a b Kaplan, Jeffrey; Weinberg, Leonard (1998). The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0-8135-2564-8.
  21. ^ Etchingham, Julie (January 12, 2000). "Hate.com expands on the net". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
  22. ^ a b "The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration". Nations and Nationalism. 9 (4): 641–642. September 26, 2003. doi:10.1111/1469-8219.00143. ISSN 1354-5078.
  23. ^ Wojcieszak, Magdalena (January 21, 2010). "Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights". Sociological Inquiry. 80 (1): 150–152. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2009.00320.x. ISSN 0038-0245.
  24. ^ a b Saslow, Eli (September 18, 2018). Rising Out of Hatred: The Awakening of a Former White Nationalist. Diversified. ISBN 9781984833594. OCLC 1055267618.
  25. ^ McCullagh, Declan (October 23, 2002). "Google excluding controversial sites". CNET News. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
  26. ^ O'Reilly, Bill (May 8, 2003). "Circling the Wagons in Georgia". Talking Points. Fox News. Archived from the original on November 13, 2006. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
  27. ^ a b "Internet postings end politico's shot". Columbia Daily Tribune. Associated Press. August 6, 2005. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  28. ^ Shugart, Karen (December 7, 2005). "No Really, He's A Racialist". Creative Loafing. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  29. ^ "Four race-crime convictions for neo-Nazi website". Gazzetta del Sud. April 8, 2013. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  30. ^ Gruber, Ruth Ellen (November 18, 2012). "Italian white supremacists arrested for inciting anti-Semitism". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  31. ^ "Italian Police Raid Homes of Suspected Online anti-Semites". Haaretz. The Associated Press and JTA. November 15, 2013.
  32. ^ "White Homicide Worldwide". splcenter.org. SPL. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
  33. ^ Holpuch, Amanda (April 18, 2014). "More than 100 hate-crime murders linked to single website, report finds". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
  34. ^ Bever, Lindsey (April 18, 2014). "A white supremacist Web site frequented by killers". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 17, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
  35. ^ Newcomb, Alyssa (April 17, 2014). "Stormfront Website Posters Have Murdered Almost 100 People, Watchdog Group Says". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
  36. ^ Dees, Morris; Cohen, J. Richard (June 22, 2015). "White Supremacists Without Borders". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 28, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  37. ^ Potok, Mark. "The Year in Hate and Extremism". SPLC. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  38. ^ a b c d e f Daniels, Jessie (2008). "Race, Civil Rights and Hate Speech in the Digital Era". In Everett, Anna (ed.). Learning Race and Ethnicity: Youth and Digital Media. MIT Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-262-05091-3. Retrieved July 19, 2008. Black has long been advocate for 'mainstreaming' the white supremacist movement, and the Internet is his preferred medium for doing so. His first and primary presence is Stormfront.org
  39. ^ Jessup, Michael (2006). "The Sword of Truth in a Sea of Lies: The Ideology of Hate". In Priest, Robert J.; Nieves, Alvaro L. (eds.). This Side of Heaven: Race, Ethnicity, and Christian Faith. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 165. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310566.003.0011. ISBN 978-0-19-531056-6.
  40. ^ a b Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (November 1, 2005). "Conclusion". The Scope of Tolerance: Studies on the Costs of Free Expression and Freedom of the Press (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 254. doi:10.4324/9780203003411. ISBN 978-0-415-35758-6. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
  41. ^ a b c d e f Saslow, Eli (June 22, 2008). "Hate Groups' Newest Target". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  42. ^ Phillips, Peter (April 9, 2001). Censored 2001: 25 Years of Censored News and the Top Censored Stories of the Year. New York: Seven Stories Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-58322-064-1. Today, the state is home to several of the most powerful white supremicists in the country, including Stormfront, an Internet-based hate group headquartered in West Palm Beach.
  43. ^ a b Kaplan, Jeffrey, ed. (2000). "Black Metal". Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7425-0340-3.
  44. ^ "Don Black: White Pride World Wide". Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
  45. ^ Holthouse, David (July 7, 2006). "A Few Bad Men". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
  46. ^ Kifner, John (July 7, 2006). "Hate Groups Are Infiltrating the Military, Group Asserts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
  47. ^ Sullivan, Eileen; Jordan, Lara Lakes; Harkavy, Jerry (November 13, 2008). "Obama threats more than previous presidents-elect". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 15, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
  48. ^ Heffernan, Virginia (December 24, 2007). "The Ron Paul Vid-Lash". The Medium Blog. The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
  49. ^ "Corrections: For the Record". The New York Times. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018.
  50. ^ "Poplawski frequented right-wing Web sites". United Press International. April 5, 2009. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
  51. ^ Schrekinger, Ben (December 10, 2015). "White supremacist groups see Trump bump". Politico'. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
  52. ^ "The white flight of Derek Black". The Washington Post. October 15, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  53. ^ Burns, Susan (January 2, 2019). "R. Derek Black Was the Heir Apparent to America's White Nationalist Movement. Then He Went to New College". Sarasota Magazine. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
  54. ^ Schulberg, Jessica; Liebelson, Dana; Craggs, Tommy (October 3, 2017). "The Neo-Nazis Are Back Online". HuffPost. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
  55. ^ "How Stormfront shocked superhero TV in 2020". December 29, 2020.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h Ray, Beverly; Marsh, George E. II (February 2001). "Recruitment by Extremist Groups on the Internet". First Monday. 6 (2). doi:10.5210/fm.v6i2.834. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
  57. ^ Nacos, Brigitte L. (November 2002). "E-Terrorism and the Web of Hate". Mass-Mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7425-1083-8.
  58. ^ Screencap of Stormfront site with Cesspool streaming link, available at Politics1.com Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine; accessed February 17, 2013.
  59. ^ a b c d Bernardi, Daniel (2002). "Cyborgs in Cyberspace". In Friedman, James (ed.). Reality Squared. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 163–167. ISBN 978-0-8135-2989-9.
  60. ^ Lehman, Peter, ed. (2006). Pornography: Film And Culture. Rutgers University Press. pp. 221, 272. ISBN 978-0-8135-3871-6.
  61. ^ Grayson, Alan (July 1, 2015). "Now the Nazis REALLY Hate Me". Daily Kos. Archived from the original on October 5, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  62. ^ "1941: The Nazis ban Jewish fonts". History Weird. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  63. ^ Swain, Carol M. (2002). The New White Nationalism in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–232. ISBN 978-0-521-80886-6.
  64. ^ Pulera, Dominic J. (2004). "White Wrongs". Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. London, UK: Continuum. pp. 304–305. ISBN 978-0-8264-1643-8. Jeffrey Kaplan ... describes Black's Web site as 'the cyberspace flagship of the racist right.' Indeed, Stormfront.org is the most popular racist site on the Internet
  65. ^ a b Tucker, Maria Luisa (June 5, 2007). "A Neo-Nazi Field Trip to the Met". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
  66. ^ Ibanga, Imaeyen (June 12, 2009). "Hate Groups Effectively Use Web as a Recruiting Tool". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  67. ^ Hubbard, Lee (January 24, 2000). "Dissing the King". Salon. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  68. ^ Jones, Violet (2006). "Violence, Discourse and Dixieland: A Critical Reflection on an Incident Involving Violence Against Black Youth". In Rossatto, César; Allen, Ricky. L; Pryun, Mark (eds.). Reinventing Critical Pedagogy: Widening the Circle of Anti-Oppression Education. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7425-3888-7.
  69. ^ Swain, Carol M; Nieli, Russ (2003). Contemporary voices of white nationalism in America. Cambridge University Press. p. 154.
  70. ^ Calabresi, Mario (October 29, 2008). "Fermeremo Barack Obama siamo il nuovo Ku Klux Klan". la Repubblica (in Italian). Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
  71. ^ Beirich, Heidi (August 25, 2010). "White Supremacists Find Common Cause with Pam Geller's Anti-Islam Campaign". Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on August 30, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
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