Epipactis gigantea

Epipactis gigantea is a species of orchid known as the stream orchid, giant helleborine, and chatterbox. This wildflower is native to western North America from British Columbia to central Mexico. This is one of the most abundant orchids of the Pacific coast of North America.

Epipactis gigantea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Epidendroideae
Genus:	Epipactis
Species:	E. gigantea
Binomial name
Epipactis gigantea Dougl. ex Hook.
Synonyms
Amesia gigantea (Douglas ex Hook.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr., Helleborine gigantea (Douglas ex Hook.) Druce Limodorum giganteum (Douglas ex Hook.) Kuntze, illegitimate Peramium giganteum (Douglas ex Hook.) J.M.Coult. Serapias gigantea (Douglas ex Hook.) A.A.Eaton Arthrochilium giganteum (Douglas ex Hook.) Szlach. Epipactis americana Lindl. Epipactis pringlei Gand. Cephalanthera kokanica Regel ex Nevski in V.L.Komarov (ed.) Epipactis gigantea f. rubrifolia P.M.Br.

Description

Epipactis gigantea is an erect perennial reaching anywhere from 30 centimeters to one meter in height. Its stems have prominently-veined, wide or narrow lance-shaped leaves 5 to 15 centimeters long and inflorescences of two or three showy orchids near the top. Each flower has three straight sepals which are light brownish or greenish with darker veining, each one to two centimeters long. The two top petals are similar in shape and reddish-brown with purple veins. The lowest petal is cup-shaped with a pointed, tongue-like protuberance and is brighter red-brown and more starkly veined, often with areas of yellow. The fruit is a hanging capsule 2 or 3 centimeters long which contains thousands of tiny seeds. This plant grows in wet areas in a variety of habitats, including riverbanks, hot springs, and meadows at elevations less than 2,600 feet. Unlike some of its relatives, this species is an autotroph. A distinctive race with burgundy colored foliage is known from The Cedars in Sonoma County California, an area of serpentine rock, and it is called forma rubrifolia (P M Brown).

Cultivation

Epipactis gigantea is cultivated in the specialty horticulture trade and available as a non-wild collected propagated ornamental plant. A maroon-leaved (forma rubrifolia) cultivar is also grown, called 'Serpentine Night'.

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  E gigantea clump in moist meadow
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  Cultivar Serpentine Night
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  Stream orchid seedheads
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  E gigantea flower closeup

References

• C.Michael Hogan, ed. 2010. Epipactis gigantea - Encyclopedia of Life
• Jepson Manual Treatment - Epipactis gigantea

External links

• Las Pilitas Nursery, Epipactis gigantea, Stream Orchid and Giant helleborine
• Ecology: Epipactis gigantea
• Epipactis gigantea - Photo gallery
• Washington Native Orchid Society, Epipactis gigantea or Stream Orchid
• Colorado State University, Epipactis gigantea Dougl. ex Hook. (stream orchid): A Technical Conservation Assessment
• Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas @ Austin, Epipactis gigantea
• Rare Plants United Kingdom, Epipactis gigantea
• Dave's Garden, PlantFiles: Species Orchid, Giant Helleborine, Giant Stream Orchid, Epipactis, Epipactis gigantea
• Southwestern Colorado Wildflowers, Epipactis gigantea
• E-flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia