The crop (also the croup, the craw, the ingluvies, and the sublingual pouch) is a thin-walled, expanded portion of the alimentary tract, which is used for the storage of food before digestion. The crop is an anatomical structure in vertebrate animals, such as birds, and invertebrate animals, such as gastropods (snails and slugs), earthworms,[1] leeches,[2] and insects.[3]
Insects
editCropping is used by bees to temporarily store nectar of flowers. When bees "suck" nectar, it is stored in their crops.[4] Other Hymenoptera also use crops to store liquid food. The crop in eusocial insects, such as ants, has specialized to be distensible, and this specialization enables important communication between colonial insects through trophallaxis.[5] The crop can be found in the foregut of insects.[6]
Birds
editIn a bird's digestive system, the crop is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat. It is a part of the digestive tract, essentially an enlarged part of the esophagus. As with most other organisms that have a crop, it is used to temporarily store food. Not all bird species have one. In adult doves and pigeons, it can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds.[7]
Scavenging birds, such as vultures, will gorge themselves when prey is abundant, causing their crop to bulge. They subsequently sit, sleepy or half torpid, to digest their food.
Most raptors, including hawks, eagles and vultures (as stated above), have a crop; however, owls do not. Similarly, all true quail (Old World quail and New World quail) have a crop, but buttonquail do not. Chickens, turkeys, ducks[8] and geese[9] possess a crop, as do parrots.[10] Pigeons also have crops; one domestic breed type is even bred to exaggerate the typical crop-inflating behavior so that the crop is inflated like a balloon.
Some extinct birds like Enantiornithes did not have crops.[11]
Literary references
editIn the Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle" (1892), a valuable gem is hidden inside a bird's crop.[12]
"Craw" is an obsolete term for "crop",[13] and this is still seen in the saying "it sticks in my craw" meaning "I can't [metaphorically] swallow it", that is, that a situation or other entity is unacceptable, or at any rate annoying.[14]
See also
edit- Esophagus
- Gizzard
- Gular pouch, in bird anatomy, a flap generally used to store fish and other prey while hunting
- Intestines
- Proventriculus
- Stomach
References
edit- ^ "Worm World: About Earthworms". Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ^ Sawyer, Roy T. "Leech Biology and Behaviour, Volume II" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-09.
- ^ Triplehorn, Charles A; Johnson, Norman F (2005). Borror and DeLong's introduction to the study of insects (7th ed.). Australia: Thomson, Brooks/Cole. ISBN 9780030968358.
- ^ "Honeybee Biology". 1994. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ^ Leboeuf, Adria C.; Waridel, Patrice; Brent, Colin S.; Gonçalves, Andre N.; Menin, Laure; Ortiz, Daniel; Riba-Grognuz, Oksana; Koto, Akiko; Soares, Zamira G.; Privman, Eyal; Miska, Eric A.; Benton, Richard; Keller, Laurent (2019). "Oral transfer of chemical cues, growth proteins and hormones in social insects". eLife. 5. doi:10.7554/eLife.20375. PMC 5153251. PMID 27894417.
- ^ Sal, Lorrianne K. (12 February 2017). "Digestion: An imperative process for insects".
- ^ Gordon John Larkman Ramel (2008-09-29). "The Alimentary Canal in Birds". Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ^ Jalaludeen, A.; Churchil, R. Richard; Baéza, Elisabeth, eds. (2022). Duck Production and Management Strategies. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6100-6. ISBN 978-981-16-6099-3. S2CID 246040130.
- ^ "Chapter 3. DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY".
- ^ Grindol, Diane (12 December 2013). "Five Pet Parrot Facts". Lafeber Company. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Zhou, Zhonghe (2020). "The evolution of the modern avian digestive system: Insights from paravian fossils from the Yanliao and Jehol biotas". Palaeontology. 63 (1): 13–27. Bibcode:2020Palgy..63...13O. doi:10.1111/pala.12453. S2CID 210265348.
- ^ Alfred Hickling. "Review: The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes edited by Leslie S Klinger | Books". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
- ^ "craw". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
- ^ "stick in your craw". Macmillan Dictionary. Retrieved August 15, 2021.