People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force
The People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force (PLANSF) is the submarine service of the People's Liberation Army Navy. It consists of all types of submarines in operational service organized into three fleets: the North Sea Fleet, the East Sea Fleet, and the South Sea Fleet. Submarines have long been one of the three focuses of the People's Liberation Army Navy (the other two are aircraft and major surface combatants), and when the decision was made in late 2006 to concentrate on building other principal surface combatants to strengthen the air defense and to further delay the construction of aircraft carriers due to insufficient air cover, submarines will continue to play the lead dominant role in the assault force for the PLAN. Currently, PLANSF operates a fleet of 66 submarines which include nuclear as well as conventional submarines.[1]
Its surface branch counterpart is the People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force.
Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines
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_Class_Ballistic_Missile_Submarine.JPG)
The PLAN currently operates two classes of ballistic missile submarines with another under construction:
- Type 096 submarine (NATO designation Tang-class) - 6 planned, 2 under construction.
- Type 094 submarine (NATO designation Jin-class) - 6 In service 2 more planned.
- Type 092 submarine (NATO designation Xia-class) - 1 In service.
Development
editChina's first ballistic missile submarine, Type 092 submarine (Xia-class), was laid down in 1978, launched in 1981 and commissioned by 1983. Its primary weapon is the JL-1 SLBM, with 12 launch tubes, as well as six 533 mm tubes for self-defense. The JL-1 missile was not ready until the first successful test launch of the missile from the Xia in 1988. Previous launch attempts from 1985 had failed. The missile's short range only permits the 092 to launch its missiles against regional targets. Striking targets far away require the submarine to travel dangerously closer to enemy waters. The Xia has since undergone a major modernisation refit, with a new black-coated paint and possibly other improvements with unofficial reports indicating the Xia is now carrying an improved missile, the JL-1A that is alleged to have longer range.
The Type 094 submarine (Jin-class) is believed to have been influenced by Russian assistance. It features 12 launch tubes for the longer ranged JL-2 missile, which has an 8,000 km range that can carry 3 to 4 MIRVs. The 094 would be permitted to patrol nearer Chinese waters, with the ability to launch its missiles against continental US targets.[2]
Nuclear-powered fleet submarines
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China was the first Asian country and the 5th globally to successfully design, build and commission a nuclear-powered submarine. The PLAN currently has two types of nuclear-powered attack submarines in service with another in development:
- Type 095 submarine (NATO designation Sui-class) - In development.
- Type 093 submarine (NATO designation Shang-class) - 6 in service, 2 under construction.
- Type 091 submarine (NATO designation Han-class) - 3 in service, 2 retired.
Development
editNuclear submarines have been envisaged in the PLAN since the 1950s. Despite ambition and a long history of development, the acquisition of nuclear submarines has been a difficult and time-consuming process. The Cultural Revolution greatly disrupted nuclear submarine development[citation needed]. The Sino-Soviet split prevented any Soviet assistance in nuclear propulsion, and these propulsion problems have been troublesome to this day.
The first Chinese nuclear-powered submarine was laid down in 1967 but not completed until 1974, the Type 091 submarine (Han-class). The Han-class experienced more than 20 years of development, with the last of the class not being commissioned until 1990. Since their commission the class has gone through major upgrades and numerous refits with the remaining boats having been greatly refitted with new sonars and anechoic tiles (which reduce noise levels). The Han-class has mostly operated in local waters, but since the 1990s, they have been used more aggressively. A Han-class shadowed a US carrier battle group in the mid-1990s, and more recently, operated around Japanese waters, prompting a Japanese task force to chase the submarine out of its territory. The Han-class submarines are far from being as capable or effective as their American Los Angeles-class counterparts, but with recent improvements they can pose a great threat by operating deep in the Western Pacific and attacking targets that are less well-protected by ASW coverage. Two of this class have been retired - the Changzheng 01 (hull no.401) in 2000 and the Changzheng 02 (hull no.402) in 2005.
A new class of submarine has been in development since the 1980s, when the PLAN first sought a replacement for the Han-class. Little information has emerged about the Type 093 submarine (Shang—class), but it is believed to have some Russian influence. The 093 design may be comparable to the Russian Victor III-class, signifying a significant step forward for Chinese nuclear attack submarines. The 093 has been the focus of much attention from US and Asian military analysts. Its improved capabilities will undoubtedly increase PLAN power in the region and its ability to carry war to the West Pacific. Such submarines can escort future ballistic missile submarines as well as attacking US Navy carrier battle groups in the deep ocean. Six Type 093 submarines are in service with two more under construction.[3]
China is constructing a major underground nuclear submarine base near Sanya, Hainan.[4] The Daily Telegraph in 2008 reported that tunnels were being built into hillsides which could be capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines from spy satellites.[5][6]
The Zhou-class submarine is a new class of fleet or attack submarines. The first images of the Zhou-class appeared in April 2022, in drydock at Huludao Port. The Zhou-class submarine was notably longer than the Type 093 or Type 094,[7] although reporters from Reuters stated it was unclear whether the class represented a new model, or an upgrade of an existing class.[8] While other analysts disputed claims of the submarine being nuclear powered, instead claiming translation errors and assumptions, and that the submarine is more likely conventionally powered.[9] So far, it appears that only one submarine in the class has been built, which in September 2024, was revealed by aerial photographs to have allegedly sunk in May or June while under construction.[10][11]
Conventionally-powered attack submarines
edit_Class_Attack_Submarine.JPG)
Submarine warfare is regarded as a vital part of PLAN's coastal defense doctrine. Large numbers of conventional powered submarines have therefore been constructed and commissioned, and this force makes up the bulk of the PLAN's submarines. The PLAN currently operates four different classes of conventional submarines:
- Type 039A submarine (NATO designation Yuan-class) - In service.
- Type 039 submarine (NATO designation Song-class) - In service.
- Kilo-class submarine (NATO designation Kilo-class) - In service.
- Type 035 submarine (NATO designation Ming-class) - In service.
Development
editThe first class of conventionally powered submarine to be operated by the PLAN was the Soviet Whiskey-class. The Whiskey was imported from the Soviet Union and subsequently built in considerable numbers and served until the last few remaining boats were removed during the mid-1990s. The second type to be operated also owed its origins to the Soviet Union, the Romeo-class, they were built under licence in China as the Type 033 submarine. Production of this submarine took place from the late 1960s until the late 1980s. The Type 033 went on to form the backbone of the PLAN submarine forces, and has been estimated that more than 100 may have been produced for the PLAN and for export. By the late 1990s, a large number of 033s had been retired from active duty and pulled into reserves. A handful of upgraded hulls remained in service until the late 2000s for training and other limited purposes.
The Type 035 submarine (Ming-class), first commissioned in 1974, is based on the Type 033. It could be considered as China's first indigenously designed submarine, despite its similarities to the Romeo-class. A total of 21 were built, but many of the initial hulls didn't perform well and were subsequently scrapped. At least 17 hulls are still in service, with later hulls using modern sonar systems, including the French DUUX-5. The later hulls of the Ming-class may have been employed for testing Air-independent propulsion (AIP), which would significantly reduce the noise level of the submarine. Mings have reportedly been exercising more frequently since the mid-2000s and making recent incursions into Japanese waters. On one occasion a Ming surfaced briefly within Japanese waters before submerging again.
The PLAN in the 1990s sought to acquire a modern conventional submarine with emphasis on sensors, weaponry, and modern capabilities to engage enemy submarines in modern warfare. In 1994 it ordered two Kilo-class 877EKM type submarines from Russia, which were delivered by 1995.
In 1996, two improved Kilo-class 636 submarines were ordered, delivered between 1997 and 1998. In 2002, a $2 billion deal was signed for eight more Kilo-class 636, these submarines particularly fitted with the capability of launching the Russian Novator 3M-54E Klub S cruise missile capable of engaging land and sea targets at 220 km. The Kilo class represents a huge leap forward in the PLAN submarine fleet. Originally a Soviet design in the 1980s, the Kilo-class was meant to be one of the world's quietest class of submarines. With 12 Kilos operational by 2006, it is unclear whether PLAN will buy more of these potent vessels.
Despite the purchase of the Kilo-class, the PLAN has continued to develop indigenous designs. The Type 039 submarine (Song-class) was first launched in 1994 with sea trials in 1995. It featured Western influences with a German propulsion system, seven blade skewed propeller and noise-reduction rubber tiles; however, the first hull retained the traditional stepped sail. The first hull was not fully operational until 1999. As a result of the sea trials a significantly modified designs emerged, with a number of improvements, including a conventional sail. By 2006 about 13 hulls have been confirmed to be built so far, indicating the class has performed satisfactorily. The Song-class presents a major milestone to indigenous submarine designs, being comparable in capabilities to contemporary Western submarines. Song submarines are armed with torpedoes and a sub-launched variant of the YJ-8 anti-ship missile. An AIP system may be installed in the future.
The Type 039A submarine (Yuan-class) is the latest of China's indigenous submarine.
The hull seems to resemble Russian influences (as it is similar to the Kilo) while also adapting features found on the Type 039. The Yuan-class is likely fitted with an AIP system to achieve maximum silent operational capabilities and can be armed with advanced Russian and Chinese torpedoes and cruise missiles. The Yuan-class came as a surprise to US military intelligence, as the submarine's existence was entirely unknown until internet images emerged. This class of submarine is expected to have capabilities which surpass the Kilo and Song-classes considerably. Series production began late in 2007, with at least 17 boats identified so far and up to 3 more under construction.
At the beginning of 2014, the PLAN held an emergency combat readiness test.[12] The captain of the 32nd Submarine Detachment Wang Hongli was ordered to take the Kilo-class submarine Yuanzheng 72 (hull number: 372) on a combat readiness voyage. Submarine 372 suddenly encountered a "cliff" caused by a sudden change in seawater density. Because the seawater density suddenly decreased, the submarine lost its buoyancy and rapidly dropped to the seabed more than 3,000 meters deep. The pressure on the submarine increased sharply, and the main engine room pipeline was damaged and water entered. Wang Hongli quickly issued a series of commands, and the commanders and crew accurately completed dozens of operations, successfully surfacing the submarine in 3 minutes, avoiding the tragedy of the submarine being destroyed and people dying. Submarine 372 lost power due to a large amount of water entering the main engine room. Wang Hongli led the officers and soldiers to eliminate the equipment failure. Finally, only one navigation motor was used to power the submarine and it entered the ocean. This voyage created many firsts in the history of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy submarines. [13][14]。
The PLA Navy declared it a miracle in the history of world submarines.[15]
On August 27, 2014, Chairman of the Central Military Commission Xi Jinping signed a general order to award the First Class Merit to Wang Hongli, commander of the 92474th Unit.[16] On September 2, 2014, a celebration meeting was held in the auditorium of a submarine detachment of the South China Sea Fleet to celebrate the first-class merit awarded by the Central Military Commission to Wang Hongli and the Navy to 372 submarines. Member of the Central Military Commission and Commander of the Navy Wu Shengli read out the orders of the Central Military Commission and the Navy, and awarded medals and certificates to Wang Hongli and 372 submarines respectively.[17]
Conventionally-powered ballistic missile submarine
edit- Type 032 submarine (NATO designation Qing-class) - In service as technology testbed.
Nomenclature
editThe Naval Vessels Naming Regulation prescribes the following prefixes for submarines under PLANSF.[18]
| Ship | Named after |
|---|---|
| Nuclear submarines | Changzheng (Chinese: 长征; pinyin: Chángzhēng; lit. 'Long March') followed by a serial number[18] |
| Ballistic and cruise missile armed conventional submarines | Yuanzheng (Chinese: 远征; pinyin: Yuǎnzhēng; lit. 'Expedition') followed by a serial number[18] |
| Conventional submarines | Changcheng (Chinese: 长城; pinyin: Chángchēng; lit. 'Great Wall') followed by a serial number[18] |
Submarine bases
editChina has a number of dedicated submarine bases, some of which have underground facilities accessed via tunnels.[19] The following bases have been confirmed through Google Earth imagery:[20]
- Yulin Naval Base, Hainan Island[21]- nuclear powered boats
- Jianggezhuang Naval Base[22]- nuclear powered boats
- Qingdao Naval Base - conventionally powered boats
- Lyshunkao Naval Base - conventionally powered boats
- Daxie Island Naval Base - conventionally powered boats
- Xiachuan Island Naval Base - conventionally powered boats
- Anyou Naval Base, Hainan Island - conventionally powered boats
- Sanya Naval Base, Hainan Island - conventionally powered boats
Fleet
edit| Type | NATO designation | Pennant No. | Name (English) |
Name (Han 汉) |
Commissioned | Displacement[a] | Fleet | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 094 / 094A submarine | Jin class | 411 | Long March 11 | 长征 11 | 2007 | 11,000 t | South Sea Fleet | Active |
| 413 | Long March 13 | 长征 13 | 2009 | 11,000 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| 412 | Long March 12 | 长征 12 | 2011 | 11,000 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| 414 | Long March 14 | 长征 14 | 2012 | 11,000 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| 420 | Long March 20 | 长征 20 | 2019 | 11,000 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| 421 | Long March 21 | 长征 21 | 2021 | 11,000 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Type 032 submarine | Qing class | Yuan-Zheng 201 | Expedition 201 | 远征 201 | 2012 | 6,630 t | North Sea Fleet | Active |
| Type 093 submarine | Shang class | 407 | Long March 7 | 长征7 | 2006 | 6,100 t | North Sea Fleet | Active |
| 408 | Long March 8 | 长征 8 | 2007 | 6,100 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Type 093A submarine | 409 | Long March 9 | 长征 9 | 2012 | 6,100 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | |
| 410 | Long March 10 | 长征 10 | 2015 | 6,100 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| 418 | Long March 18 | 长征 18 | 2017 | 6,100 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| 419 | Long March 19 | 长征 19 | 2017 | 6,100 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Type 091 submarine | Han class | 403 | Long March 3 | 长征 3 | 1984 | 5,550 t | North Sea Fleet | Active |
| 404 | Long March 4 | 长征 4 | 1987 | 5,550 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| 405 | Long March 5 | 长征 5 | 1990 | 5,550 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Type 039A submarine | Yuan class | Chang-Cheng 330 | Great Wall 330 | 长城 330 | 2005 | 3,600 t | Active | |
| Chang-Cheng 331 | Great Wall 331 | 长城 331 | 2009 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 332 | Great Wall 332 | 长城 332 | 2009 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 333 | Great Wall 333 | 长城 333 | 2010 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Type 039B submarine | Chang-Cheng 334 | Great Wall 334 | 长城 334 | 2011 | 3,600 t | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 335 | Great Wall 335 | 长城 335 | 2011 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 336 | Great Wall 336 | 长城 336 | 2012 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 337 | Great Wall 337 | 长城 337 | 2012 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 338 | Great Wall 338 | 长城 338 | 2012 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 339 | Great Wall 339 | 长城 339 | 2012 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 340 | Great Wall 340 | 长城 340 | 2012 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 341 | Great Wall 341 | 长城 341 | 2012 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 342 | Great Wall 342 | 长城 342 | 2015 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 343 | Great Wall 343 | 长城 343 | 2016 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 344 | Great Wall 344 | 长城 344 | 2017 | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 345 | Great Wall 345 | 长城 345 | 2019- | 3,600 t | Active | |||
| Chang-Cheng 346 | Great Wall 346 | 长城 346 | 3,600 t | Active | ||||
| Type 039C submarine | Chang-Cheng ? | Great Wall ? | 长城 ? | 2022 | 3,600 t | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng ? | Great Wall ? | 长城 ? | 2023? | 3,600 t | Fitting out | |||
| Chang-Cheng ? | Great Wall ? | 长城 ? | 2023? | 3,600 t | Fitting out | |||
| Type 039 submarine | Song class | Chang-Cheng 320 | Great Wall 320 | 长城 320 | 1999 | 2,250 t | North Sea Fleet | Active |
| Type 039G submarine | Chang-Cheng 321 | Great Wall 321 | 长城 321 | 2001 | 2,250 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | |
| Chang-Cheng 322 | Great Wall 322 | 长城 322 | 2001 | 2,250 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 323 | Great Wall 323 | 长城 323 | 2003 | 2,250 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 324 | Great Wall 324 | 长城 324 | 2003 | 2,250 t | East Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 325 | Great Wall 325 | 长城 325 | 2004 | 2,250 t | East Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Type 039G1 submarine | Chang-Cheng 314 | Great Wall 314 | 长城 314 | 2003 | 2,250 t | East Sea Fleet | Active | |
| Chang-Cheng 315 | Great Wall 315 | 长城 315 | 2003 | 2,250 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 316 | Great Wall 316 | 长城 316 | 2005 | 2,250 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 326 | Great Wall 326 | 长城 326 | 2006 | 2,250 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 327 | Great Wall 327 | 长城 327 | 2006 | 2,250 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 328 | Great Wall 328 | 长城 328 | 2006 | 2,250 t | North Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 329 | Great Wall 329 | 长城 329 | 2006 | 2,250 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Type 035A submarine | Ming class | Chang-Cheng 358 | Great Wall 358 | 长城 358 | 1993 | 2,113 t | North Sea Fleet | In reserve |
| Chang-Cheng 359 | Great Wall 359 | 长城 359 | 1994 | 2,113 t | North Sea Fleet | In reserve | ||
| Chang-Cheng 360 | Great Wall 360 | 长城 360 | 1995 | 2,113 t | North Sea Fleet | In reserve | ||
| Chang-Cheng 362 | Great Wall 362 | 长城 362 | 1996 | 2,113 t | North Sea Fleet | In reserve | ||
| Chang-Cheng 363 | Great Wall 363 | 长城 363 | 1996 | 2,113 t | North Sea Fleet | In reserve | ||
| Chang-Cheng 305 | Great Wall 305 | 长城 305 | 1998 | 2,113 t | South Sea Fleet | In reserve | ||
| Chang-Cheng 306 | Great Wall 306 | 长城 306 | 1998 | 2,113 t | South Sea Fleet | In reserve | ||
| Chang-Cheng 307 | Great Wall 307 | 长城 307 | 1999 | 2,113 t | South Sea Fleet | In reserve | ||
| Chang-Cheng 308 | Great Wall 308 | 长城 308 | 1999 | 2,113 t | South Sea Fleet | In reserve | ||
| Chang-Cheng 309 | Great Wall 309 | 长城 309 | 2000 | 2,113 t | South Sea Fleet | In reserve | ||
| Type 035B submarine | Chang-Cheng 310 | Great Wall 310 | 长城 310 | 2001 | 2,113 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | |
| Chang-Cheng 311 | Great Wall 311 | 长城 311 | 2002 | 2,113 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 312 | Great Wall 312 | 长城 312 | 2003 | 2,113 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 313 | Great Wall 313 | 长城 313 | 2004 | 2,113 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Project 877EKM | Kilo class | Chang-Cheng 364 | Great Wall 364 | 长城 364 | 1994 | 3,075 t | East Sea Fleet | Active Potentially being scrapped[23] |
| Chang-Cheng 365 | Great Wall 365 | 长城 365 | 1995 | 3,075 t | East Sea Fleet | Active Potentially being scrapped[23] | ||
| Project 636 | Improved Kilo class | Chang-Cheng 366 | Great Wall 366 | 长城 366 | 1997 | 3,100 t | East Sea Fleet | Active |
| Chang-Cheng 367 | Great Wall 367 | 长城 367 | 1998 | 3,100 t | East Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Project 636M | Chang-Cheng 368 | Great Wall 368 | 长城 368 | 2004 | 3,100 t | East Sea Fleet | Active | |
| Chang-Cheng 369 | Great Wall 369 | 长城 369 | 2004 | 3,100 t | East Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 370 | Great Wall 370 | 长城 370 | 2005 | 3,100 t | East Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 371 | Great Wall 371 | 长城 371 | 2005 | 3,100 t | East Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 372 | Great Wall 372 | 长城 372 | 2005 | 3,100 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 373 | Great Wall 373 | 长城 373 | 2004 | 3,100 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 374 | Great Wall 374 | 长城 374 | 2005 | 3,100 t | South Sea Fleet | Active | ||
| Chang-Cheng 375 | Great Wall 375 | 长城 375 | 2005 | 3,100 t | South Sea Fleet | Active |
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ Displacement when dived.
References
edit- ^ "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress Updated July 30, 2020" (PDF). Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ IHS Janes, News, 2007
- ^ Jane;'s Fighting Ships, 2023-24 edition.
- ^ Federation of American Scientists: Images of Hainan, fas.org
- ^ Harding, Thomas, "Chinese Build Secret Nuclear Submarine Base", London Daily Telegraph, May 2, 2008.
- ^ Harding, Thomas, "Chinese Nuclear Submarines Prompt 'New Cold War' Warning", London Daily Telegraph, May 3, 2008.
- ^ Honrada, Gabriel (2022-05-16). "Satellite reveals China's new nuclear attack sub". Asia Times. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
- ^ Torode, Greg. "Satellite images raise prospect of new class of Chinese submarine". Reuters.
- ^ Dahm, J. Michael; Singer, Peter W. (2024-10-02). "What reports got wrong about China's 'sunken nuclear submarine'". Defense One. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
- ^ "Chinese nuclear attack submarine sank during construction: US defence official". South China Morning Post. 2024-09-27. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
- ^ Gordon, Michael. "China's Newest Nuclear Submarine Sank, Setting Back Its Military Modernization". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Wang Tao (2014-10-22). "Courage and bloodiness have always been the backbone of soldiers and the edge of victory. This fact repeatedly reminds us that we must forge the soul before forging the sword". Ministry of National Defense. Archived from the original on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
- ^ "South China Sea Fleet submarine suddenly lost buoyancy during a voyage and encountered the most dangerous 3 minutes". 凤凰网. 2014-04-09. Archived from the original on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
- ^ "Media reveals military awards: Most awards are related to "aircraft carriers"". 人民网. 2014-09-01. Archived from the original on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
- ^ "Expert: What major dangerous situation did the meritorious submarine of the South China Sea Fleet deal with". Phoenix.com. 2014-09-03. Archived from the original on 2014-09-06. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
- ^ "Xi Jinping signs a general order to award merit to 1 unit and 24 individuals". People's Daily. August 28, 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-07-13.
- ^ Xu Yeqing; Gao Yi (special correspondent) (2014-09-03). "A celebration meeting was held to celebrate the first-class merit awarded by the Central Military Commission to Wang Hongli and the Navy to 372 submarines". Ministry of National Defense. Archived from the original on 2018-10-07.
{{cite web}}:|author2=has generic name (help) - ^ a b c d Liu, Wenhui; Liu, Sicong (11 August 2011). "中国海军舰艇命名由来及规律" [Origins and Patterns of the naming of Chinese Naval Vessels]. People's Daily. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ Sutton, H. I. "Chinese Navy Submarines Are Protected By Underground Tunnels". Forbes. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ "China's submarine force: an overview". IISS. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ "A Closer Look at China's Critical South China Sea Submarine Base". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ "the nuclear information project: Chinese Nuclear Sub Cave". www.nukestrat.com. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ a b "One of the Chinese Navy's Kilo-class submarines may be retired and dismantled". 14 January 2022.
External links
edit
- Erickson, Andrew; Goldstein, Lyle (Winter 2007). "China's Future Nuclear Submarine Force: Insights from Chinese Writings" (PDF). Naval War College Review. 60 (1): 54–79. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-07. Retrieved 2011-11-30.