Wikipedia

Substack

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Substack is an American online platform that provides publishing, payment, analytics, and design infrastructure to support subscription newsletters.[5] It allows writers to send digital newsletters directly to subscribers.[6][7] Founded in 2017, Substack is headquartered in San Francisco.[8]

Substack Inc.
Type of site
Subscription platform
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.
Created by
  • Chris Best
  • Hamish McKenzie
  • Jairaj Sethi
RevenueUS$9 million (2021)[1]
Employees94 (June 2022)[2]
URLsubstack.com
CommercialYes
Launched2017; 7 years ago (2017)[3][4]
Current statusLive

History

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Substack was founded in 2017 by Chris Best, the co-founder of Kik Messenger; Jairaj Sethi, a head of platform and principal developer at Kik Messenger; and Hamish McKenzie, a former PandoDaily tech reporter.[9][10] Best and McKenzie describe Ben Thompson's Stratechery, a subscription-based tech and media newsletter, as a major inspiration for their platform.[5] Best is chief executive as of March 2019.[11]

Content

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Substack users include journalists, subject-matter experts, and media platforms.[12][13][14] Among the high-profile writers to have used the platform are Pulitzer-Prize-winning journalist and author Glenn Greenwald; Seymour Hersh; culture critic Anne Helen Petersen; music essayist Robert Christgau; and food writer Alison Roman.[15] The New York Times columnist Mike Isaac argued in 2019 that companies like Substack see newsletters as a more stable means to maintain readers through a more direct connection with writers.[11] In 2020, The New Republic said there was an absence of local news newsletters, especially in contrast to the large number of national-level political newsletters.[16] As of late 2020, large numbers of journalists and reporters were coming to the platform, driven in part by the long-term decline in traditional media (there were half as many newsroom jobs in 2019 as in 2004).[17] Around that time, The New Yorker wrote that while "Substack has advertised itself as a friendly home for journalism, ... few of its newsletters publish original reporting; the majority offer personal writing, opinion pieces, research, and analysis."[18] It described Substack's content moderation policy as "lightweight", with rules against "harassment, threats, spam, pornography, and calls for violence; moderation decisions are made by the founders".[18]

In 2019, Substack added support for podcasts and discussion threads among newsletter subscribers.[19][20] Major writers on Substack include historian Heather Cox Richardson, tech journalists Casey Newton[21] and Eric Newcomer,[22] journalist Matthew Yglesias,[23] economists Glenn Loury and Emily Oster, linguist John McWhorter, journalists Matt Taibbi and Bari Weiss,[24] and authors Daniel M. Lavery, George Saunders, Blake Nelson, Chuck Palahniuk,[25] Marianne Williamson,[26] Salman Rushdie,[27] Tui T. Sutherland,[28] David Bentley Hart,[29] and Skottie Young.[30] As of November 2021, the platform said it had more than 500,000 paying subscribers, representing over one million subscriptions.[31] Substack announced in January 2022 that it would begin private Beta testing video on its platform.[31] In April 2023, Substack implemented a Notes feature, which allows users to publish and repost short-form content. This microblogging feature was compared to Twitter, and many outlets considered it to be a response to changes at Twitter under the ownership of Elon Musk.[32][33] The launch of Substack Notes resulted in criticism by Musk, and Twitter began censoring links to Substack on its platform.[34][35][36]

Finances

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Authors can decide to make subscribing to their newsletter free or paid, and to make specific posts publicly available to non-subscribers.[18] As of 2020, the minimum fee for a subscription was $5/month or $30/year,[18] and Substack usually takes a 10% fee from subscription payments.[14][9] Substack earns no revenue from advertisements placed by publishers.[17] In February 2019, the platform began allowing creators to monetize podcasts.[37] Substack reported 11,000 paid subscribers as of 2018, rising to 50,000 in 2019.[37]

 
Chris Best discussing mobile advertising in 2015

Substack raised an initial seed round in 2018 from investors including The Chernin Group, Zhen Fund, Twitch CEO Emmett Shear, and Zynga co-founder Justin Waldron.[38] Andreessen Horowitz provided $15.3 million in Series A funding in 2019, some of which went to bringing high-profile writers into Substack's network.[39] Substack has provided some content creators with advances to start working on their platform.[14]

In 2019, the site provided a fellowship to some writers, which included a $3,000 stipend and a one-day workshop in San Francisco. The decline of sports-oriented publications such as Sports Illustrated, Deadspin, and SB Nation, coupled with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, led to a surge in sports journalists moving to write on Substack in 2019 and 2020. Substack competes with subscription site The Athletic in this submarket, so McKenzie says the company recruits less strongly in that market.[9] In 2020, following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Substack extended grants of $1,000–$3,000 to over 40 writers to begin working on the platform.[9] Substack expanded into comics content in 2021 and signed creators including Saladin Ahmed, Jonathan Hickman, Molly Ostertag, Scott Snyder, and James Tynion IV, paying them while keeping their subscription revenue. After their first year, Substack will take 10 percent of subscription revenue.[24]

The Substack founders reached out to a small pool of writers in 2017 to acquire their first creators.[10] Bill Bishop was among the first to put his newsletter, Sinocism, on Substack, providing his newsletter for $11 a month or $118 a year with daily content.[5] As of 2019, Bishop's Sinocism was the top paid newsletter on the service.[37] By late 2020, the conservative newsletter The Dispatch claimed the title of top Substack user, with more than 100,000 subscribers and over $2 million in first-year revenue, according to founder Steve Hayes.[17] In May 2021, Substack acquired Brooklyn-based startup People & Company.[40] In August 2020, Substack reported that over 100,000 users were paying for at least one newsletter.[39] As of August 2021, Substack had more than 250,000 paying subscribers and its top ten publishers were making $7 million in annualized revenue.[41] In April 2022, The New York Times reported Substack may be valued at $650 million.[42] Substack dropped an effort to raise money in May 2022.[43] The company had aimed to raise between $75 million and $100 million.[43]

Privacy incident

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On July 28, 2020, Substack sent out email notifications to all its users about changing privacy policies and notification about California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) compliance. In this notification email, email addresses of all recipients were inadvertently included in the email "cc" field rather than in the "bcc" field. This exposed the email addresses of many Substack users.[44] The company acknowledged the issue on Twitter and said that it was remedied after the initial batch of emails but did not disclose the number of users affected.[44]

Substack Pro

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In March 2021, Substack revealed that it had been experimenting with a revenue sharing program in which it paid advances for writers to create publications on its platform; this became a program known as Substack Pro.[4] Substack has been criticized for not disclosing which writers were part of Substack Pro.[45]

Substack Defender

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Substack provides legal advice to its writers through its program Substack Defender. Lawyers provide a legal review of stories before they are published, and provide advice surrounding cease-and-desist letters related to writers' work.[41] This includes stating that they will defend Jessica Reed Kraus if Amber Heard decided to sue her.[46]

Criticism

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In 2020, popular platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube began restricting or removing accounts that they claim spread COVID-19 misinformation, which violates those platforms' content policies. Some prominent authors accused of spreading misinformation have moved from those platforms to Substack. The Washington Post mentioned Joseph Mercola (whose content Imran Ahmed, CEO of the Center for Countering Digital Hate, called "so bad [that] no one else will host it") and Steve Bannon (whom Elizabeth Dwoskin, writing for The Washington Post, accused of spreading "violent rhetoric and false claims about the [2020] election in the weeks leading up to the Capitol siege on Jan. 6") as conspiracy theorists who have moved their online presence to Substack.[47]

In January 2022, the Center for Countering Digital Hate accused Substack of allowing content that could be dangerous to public health. The Center estimated that the company earned $2.5 million per year from the top five anti-vaccine authors alone (who have tens of thousands of subscribers).[47] Presumably in response to press inquiries, the three founders affirmed their commitment to minimal censorship in a blog post.[48]

"Substackers Against Nazis"

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Substack faced further criticism in November 2023 for allowing its platform to be used by white nationalists, Nazis, and antisemites.[49] Critics highlighted that this is in spite of Substack's Terms of Service that supposedly prohibit hate speech. In an open letter, more than 100 Substack users implored Substack's leadership to stop giving bigotry a platform.[50] Substack CEO Hamish McKenzie responded to the controversy by confirming that the company will continue to allow the publication of extremist views, saying that attempting to censor them would make the problem worse.[51][52]

In the December 23, 2023, edition of his Substack The Racket newsletter, a post titled "The Social Network",[53] Jonathan Katz provided details about dialogue he has had with the platform about the controversy noted in the aforementioned open letter, which was titled "Substackers Against Nazis".[54] He took issue not only with Substack's promotion of extremist newsletters on the platform but also its subjection of subscribers to non-extremist newsletters on the platform and with its billing partner Stripe to profiteering from said promotion and sharing on behalf of the extremist authors. He discussed options he was exploring in reaction to the platform's assertion that the policy will continue. Substack's decision to allow Nazi and other extremist content led multiple newsletters to leave the platform, including Casey Newton's Platformer,[55][56][57] Molly White's Citation Needed, and Ryan Broderick's Garbage Day.[58]

References

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  1. ^ Mullin, Benjamin (26 May 2022). "Substack Drops Fund-Raising Efforts as Market Sours". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Substack has told investors that it had revenue of about $9 million in 2021
  2. ^ Fischer, Sara (29 June 2022). "Substack lays off 13 employees, roughly 14% of company". Axios. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  3. ^ "Substack celebrates its first birthday with 25K paying newsletter subscribers". TechCrunch. 16 October 2018. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b McKenzie, Hamish (12 March 2021). "Why we pay writers". Substack Blog. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Kafka, Peter (16 October 2017). "Meet the startup that wants to help you build a subscription newsletter business overnight". Vox. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  6. ^ "Analysis | A classic Silicon Valley tactic — losing money to crush rivals — comes in for scrutiny". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  7. ^ Fatemi, Falon. "The Rise Of Substack—And What's Behind It". Forbes. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  8. ^ "Here's How the Top Newsletter Platforms Challenging Substack Stack Up". TheWrap. 20 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d Strauss, Ben (1 June 2020). "Out-of-work sportswriters are turning to newsletters, hoping the economics can work". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b Bilton, Ricardo (5 October 2017). "'Stratechery as a service': Substack aims to streamline the creation of independent subscription news sites". Nieman Lab. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  11. ^ a b Isaac, Mike (19 March 2019). "The New Social Network That Isn't New at All". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023.
  12. ^ Daniels, Chris (11 December 2020). "Journalism's future or passion project? Breaking down the world of Substack". PRWeek. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  13. ^ Recker, Jane (22 December 2020). "Substack Is Attracting Big DC Journos. Who's Making the Leap?". Washingtonian. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  14. ^ a b c Smith, Ben (24 May 2020). "The New Model Media Star Is Famous Only to You". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  15. ^ Ha, Anthony (18 March 2021). "Substack faces backlash over the writers it supports with big advances". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  16. ^ Shephard, Alex (25 May 2020). "Is Email the Future of Journalism?". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  17. ^ a b c Tracy, Marc (23 September 2020). "Journalists Are Leaving the Noisy Internet for Your Email Inbox". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2020. Writers own their newsletters, and the platform takes a 10 percent cut.
  18. ^ a b c d Wiener, Anna (28 December 2020). "Is Substack the Media Future We Want?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  19. ^ Ha, Anthony (3 June 2019). "Substack expands its subscription platform with discussion threads". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  20. ^ Ha, Anthony (7 February 2019). "Subscription platform Substack adds podcast support". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  21. ^ Newton, Casey. "Platformer". platformer.news. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  22. ^ Newcomer, Eric. "Newcomer". newcomer.co. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  23. ^ "Why Matthew Yglesias Left Vox". The Atlantic. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  24. ^ a b Gustines, George Gene (August 9, 2021). "Comic Book Writers and Artists Follow Other Creators to Substack". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  25. ^ Milmo, Dan (20 September 2021). "Fight Club author Chuck Palahniuk to serialise new book on Substack". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  26. ^ Haring, Bruce (12 February 2022). "Bill Maher's 'Real Time' Explores The "Freedom Convoy" Awakening And Whoopi Goldberg's Exile". Deadline. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  27. ^ Lee, Edmund (1 September 2021). "Salman Rushdie Enters His Substack Period". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  28. ^ Sutherland, Tui T. (27 June 2024). "Hi everyone!". Substack. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  29. ^ Hart, David Bentley (12 July 2021). "Leaves in the Wind". Substack. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  30. ^ Stone, Sam (9 December 2021). "I Hate Fairyland: Skottie Young Lends a Look at Gertrude's Chaotically Epic Return". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  31. ^ a b Silvera, Ian. "Why even Substack can't resist video". news-future.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  32. ^ "Will Substack Notes Save Our Posting Souls?". Vanity Fair. 13 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  33. ^ "Substack unveils the product that got it banned from Twitter". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  34. ^ Patel, Nilay (13 April 2023). "Is Substack Notes a "Twitter clone"? We asked CEO Chris Best". The Verge. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  35. ^ Hern, Alex (11 April 2023). "Row between Twitter and Substack ends with uneasy truce". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  36. ^ Conger, Kate; Mac, Ryan (7 April 2023). "Twitter Takes Aim at Posts That Link to Its Rival Substack". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  37. ^ a b c Owen, Laura Hazard (16 July 2019). "Email newsletter platform Substack nabs $15.3 million in funding (and vows it won't go the way of other VC-funded media companies)". Nieman Lab. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  38. ^ "Substack raises $2 million to prove newsletters can help media". May 2018. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  39. ^ a b Walsh, James D. (29 August 2020). "A Guide to the Newsletter Economy". Intelligencer. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  40. ^ "Substack acquires team from community consulting startup People & Company". TechCrunch. 13 May 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  41. ^ a b Fatemi, Falon. "The Rise Of Substack—And What's Behind It". Forbes. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  42. ^ Hsu, Tiffany (13 April 2022). "Substack's Growth Spurt Brings Growing Pains". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  43. ^ a b Mullin, Benjamin (26 May 2022). "Substack Drops Fund-Raising Efforts as Market Sours". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  44. ^ a b McKay, Tom (28 July 2020). "Substack Just Accidentally Revealed Email Addresses of Tons of Users". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  45. ^ Kafka, Peter (19 March 2021). "Substack writers are mad at Substack. The problem is money and who's making it". Recode. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  46. ^ The SportsGrail (7 August 2022). "Jessica Reed Kraus Substack House Inhabit Reveals Amber Heard Organised Sex Parties And Blackmailed Elon Musk For Money To Fight Case Against Johnny Depp". The SportsGrail. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  47. ^ a b Elizabeth Dwoskin (27 January 2022). "Conspiracy theorists, banned on major social networks, connect with audiences on newsletters and podcasts". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  48. ^ Hamish McKenzie; Chris Best; Jairaj Sethi (26 January 2022). "Society has a trust problem. More censorship will only make it worse". Substack. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  49. ^ Katz, Jonathan (28 November 2023). "Substack Has a Nazi Problem". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  50. ^ Rainey, Clint (14 December 2023). "More than 100 creators are threatening to leave Substack over Nazi newsletters". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  51. ^ Lawler, Richard (21 December 2023). "Substack says it will not remove or demonetize Nazi content". The Verge. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  52. ^ Hern, Alex (3 January 2024). "Substack faces user revolt over anti-censorship stance on neo-Nazis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  53. ^ Katz, Jonathan, The Social Network Archived 24 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine, The Racket, Substack, December 23, 2023
  54. ^ Kabas, Marisa, More than 200 publications join Substackers Against Nazis Archived 24 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine, The Handbasket, December 16, 2023
  55. ^ Peters, Jay (11 January 2024). "Substack keeps the Nazis, loses Platformer". The Verge. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  56. ^ Bhattacharya, Ananya (12 January 2024). "Substack's Nazi content has cost it a top tech newsletter". Quartz. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  57. ^ Madarang, Charisma (12 January 2024). "Substack Loses Major Newsletter Platformer Over Nazi Content". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  58. ^ Lorenz, Taylor; Oremus, Will (12 January 2024). "Substack's woes deepen as tech blog leaves over Nazi content". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
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