The Demak-Majapahit conflicts were a series of conflicts between the rising Demak Sultanate and the waning Majapahit Empire. It marked the defeat of forces loyal to the legitimate Majapahit ruler, Bhre Kertabhumi (Prince Kertabhumi), by Girindrawardhana, son of Singhavikramavardhana, and the independence of the Demak Sultanate under Raden Patah. 1478 is used to date the end of the Majapahit Empire. The Sudarma Wisuta was the second biggest war in ancient Java. The war ended in stalemate as Girindrawardhana killed Demak commander (General Ngundung) and Demak Forces destroyed Girindrawardhana logistics.
| Demak-Majapahit conflicts | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Majapahit forces from Daha |
Demak Sultanate Majapahit defenders from Trowulan | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Girindrawardhana General Udara |
Raden Patah Kertabhumi † General Sunan Ngudung † General Sunan Kudus | ||||||
This battle was a strategic victory for Demak, because after the battle the Demak power and forces grew dramatically. This battle was the last chance for Daha to conquer Demak, because after this battle Daha lost its numerical advantage.
Background
editThe Demak Sultanate was founded by Raden Patah in 1475.[3] According to Babad Tanah Jawi, he was the son of Kertabhumi and a Chinese concubine.[4] In 1468, Kertabhumi usurped Singhavikramavardhana, exiling him to Daha, and reigned as Brawijaya V of Majapahit. However, Singhavikramavardhana's son Girindrawardhana consolidated a power base in Daha to retake the throne.[5] He was supported by religious tensions. To keep Majapahit influence and economic interest, Kertabhumi had awarded Muslim merchant trading rights on the north coast of Java, an action that supported the Demak Sultanate. The policy increased Majapahit's economy and influence, but weakened Hindu-Buddhism's position as the dominant religion, as Islam began to spread more freely in Java.[6]
Attack on Trowulan
editThe conflict came to a head in 1478. The Pararaton states, ".... bhre Kertabhumi ..... bhre prabhu sang mokta ring kadaton i saka sunyanora-yuganing-wong, 1400".[a] In that year, Girindrawardhana's army under general Udara breached Trowulan's defences and killed Bhre Kertabhumi in his palace.[7] Demak sent reinforcements under Sunan Ngudung, who died in battle and was replaced by Sunan Kudus. Although they managed to repel the invading army, they came too late to save Kertabhumi.[7] In the Trailokyapuri Jiwu and Petak inscriptions, Girindrawardhana claimed the defeat of Kertabhumi, and that with it he reunited Majapahit as one kingdom.[8]
After the conflict, Girindrawardhana reigned as Brawijaya VI of Majapahit until he was killed and replaced by Prabu Udara in 1498, but Demak gained independence and was a sovereign state no longer subject to the Majapahit Empire.[9] The conflict led to continued war between Demak and the Majapahit rump in Daha, since Demak rulers claimed descent from Kertabhumi. This ended with the defeat of Prabu Udara and the fall of Daha in 1527.[10]
Legacy
editToday, 1478 is commemorated among Javanese with the candrasengkala sirna ilang kertaning bumi (sirna = 0, ilang = 0, kerta = 4, bumi = 1, its mean 1400 Saka) (lost and gone is the pride of the land).[11]
Notes
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1970). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8.
- ^ Tarling, Nicholas (1992). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: From early times to c. 1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-521-35505-6.
- ^ Ricklefs 1993, p. 154.
- ^ Muljana 1976, p. 252.
- ^ Poesponegoro & Notosusanto 1990, p. 448.
- ^ Muljana 1976, p. 196.
- ^ a b Djafar 1978, p. 50.
- ^ Poesponegoro & Notosusanto 1990, p. 450.
- ^ Poesponegoro & Notosusanto 1990, p. 451.
- ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 54-55.
- ^ Smedley, Rose & Rose 1845, p. 384.
Bibliography
edit- Djafar, Hasan (1978). Girīndrawarddhana : Beberapa Masalah Majapahit Akhir (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Yayasan Dana Pendidikan Buddhis Nalanda.
- Muljana, Slamet (1976). A Story of Majapahit. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
- Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened; Notosusanto, Nugroho (1990). Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Jilid II (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
- Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 (2nd ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (2008). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200 Fourth Edition (E-Book version) (4 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Smedley, Edward; Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John (1845). Encyclopaedia Metropolitana or Universal Dictionary of Knowledge: Comprising the Two fold advantage of a Philosophical and an Alphabetical Arrangement, with Appropriate Engravings Volume 1. London: B Fellowes et al.