The Sulaymaniyya Takiyya (Arabic: التَّكِيَّة السُّلَيْمَانِيَّة, romanized: at-Takiyya as-Sulaymāniyya; Turkish: Şam Süleymaniye Külliyesi[1]) is a takiyya (Ottoman-era Arabic name for a mosque complex which served as a Sufi convent) in Damascus, Syria, located on the right bank of the Barada River.[2] Commissioned by the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the western building of the complex was built, following the plans of Mimar Sinan, between 1554 and 1559. Another building was added eastwards from it in 1566 to be used as a madrasa (which became known as the Salimiyya Madrasa, named after Suleiman's son Selim II, although this building too may have been commissioned by Suleiman before his death).
| Sulaymaniyya Takiyya التَّكِيَّة السُّلَيْمَانِيَّة | |
|---|---|
 View of the mosque from its courtyard | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Islam |
| Region | Levant |
| Status | Active |
| Location | |
| Location | Damascus, Syria |
| Geographic coordinates | 33°30′45″N 36°17′29″E / 33.51250°N 36.29139°E |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Mimar Sinan |
| Type | takiyya (mosque complex) |
| Style | Ottoman architecture |
| Completed | 1554–1558/59 (western building: mosque and imaret) 1566–67 (eastern building: Salimiyya Madrasa) |
| Specifications | |
| Minaret(s) | 2 |
| Materials | Stone, marble, mosaic |
Although not the first Ottoman building in Damascus (that is considered to have been the Salimiyya Takiyya in as-Salihiyya[3]), the Sulaymaniyya Takiyya is considered to have marked the introduction of the Ottoman architectural style to Damascus.[4] In the centuries following its construction, the Sulaymaniyya Takiyya became an important stop on the "Syrian route" of pilgrims to Mecca, and it is considered to this day "as the most important Ottoman cultural building" in Damascus.[5]
In the cemetery of the complex, the last Ottoman sultan is buried, Mehmed VI, who was forced into exile upon the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate in 1922.[6][7]
Construction
editSultan Suleiman I who had recently lost two sons, as he executed his son Şehzade Mustafa, followed by Şehzade Cihangir who died of grief, wanted to establish a mosque for the salvation of his soul, so he chose the site of his father Selim I's former palace in Damascus.
Western building
editThe construction of the western building was commissioned in 1554–55 during the reign of governor Şemsi Pasha, until it was completed in 1558–59.[8][9] This building was masterminded by Mimar Sinan and built by local craftsmen,[10] on the location of Baibars' Ablaq Palace which was destroyed by Tamerlane forces during the siege of Damascus.[11] It is composed of a large mosque on the southwest side of a courtyard, flanked by a single line of stone arcading, and a soup kitchen (known in Turkish as imaret)[8] across the courtyard to the northwest, flanked by hospice buildings.[12]
Mosque
editThe mosque has two minarets and Ottoman-style domes.[13] It also has walls with alternating light and dark stripes, an architectural feature known as ablaq and of Syrian origin.[14] The mosque has been described as "the finest example of Ottoman architecture in Damascus".[12][15]
Eastern building
editIn addition to the first building and eastwards from it, a madrasa was built in 1566–67. It was possibly ordered by Süleyman right before his death in 1566 as it was called the Sulaymaniyya Madrasa in some sources upon completion,[8] but over time it became known as the Salimiyya Madrasa (after Süleyman's son Selim II), and was subject to the Hanafi school.[16]
Usage history
editThe complex later served as a gathering point for pilgrims who wanted to prepare for the annual Hajj.[11]
Cemetery
editThe cemetery next to the mosque is the burial place of the last Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI, who was dethroned and forced into exile when the Ottoman sultanate was abolished in 1922. He died on May 16, 1926, in Sanremo, Italy and was buried at the cemetery of the Sulaymaniyya Takiyya. The mosque was chosen because it was located in the closest Muslim-majority country to Turkey and was built by his ancestors. There are almost thirty other graves of the Ottoman dynasty who died in exile and were not allowed to be buried in the Republic of Turkey at the time.[17]
Gallery
edit-
Plaque -
The minarets of the mosque seen from outside the fence -
Mosque as seen from Shukri al-Quwwatli Street and the Barada River -
The mosque courtyard in 1870 -
Mosque in 1942 -
Salimiyya Madrasa courtyard -
Grave of the last Ottoman sultan, Mehmed VI (r. 1918–1922), in the cemetery -
Grave of Ahmed Nihad, head of the imperial family from 1944 to 1954 -
Grave of Hatice Sultan, daughter of Murad V -
Grave of Refia Sultan, daughter of Abdülhamid II
.jpg)
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Şam Süleymaniye Külliyesi ve Koruma Sorunları (PDF) (in Turkish). 2009.
- ^ "Takiyya Sulaymaniyya, Damascus, Syria". Archnet Digital Library. Retrieved 20 March 2017..
- ^ Abd al-Qadir al-Rihawi; Émilie E. Ouéchek (1975). "Les deux takiyya de Damas". Bulletin d'études orientales. Vol. 28. Institut Francais du Proche-Orient. pp. 217–225. JSTOR 41604595.
- ^ Gérard Degeorge (1994). Damas. p. 46.
- ^ Tammam Taher Bakeer (2009). Collapse Analysis of Masonry Structures Under Earthquake Action.
- ^ Raşit GÜNDOĞDU; Büşra YILDIZ (2020). The Sultans of the Ottoman Empire. Rumuz Yayınları. p. 247. ISBN 978-605-5112-15-8.
His funeral was brought to Beirut and later to Damascus and buried in the cemetery in the garden of Süleymaniye Complex.
- ^ Freely, John, Inside the Seraglio, published 1999, Chapter 19: The Gathering Place of the Jinns
- ^ a b c Al-Rihawi, Abd al-Qadir; Ouéchek, Émilie E. (1975). "Les deux takiyya de Damas". Bulletin d'études orientales. 28. JSTOR 41604595.
- ^ Necipoğlu 2005, pp. 222–230.
- ^ Necipoğlu 2005, p. 224.
- ^ a b Darke 2010, p. 116.
- ^ a b Tekkiye Mosque Complex Archived 2007-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Osama Abi-Mershed (2009). Trajectories of Education in the Arab World.
- ^ Osama Abi-Mershed (2009). Trajectories of Education in the Arab World.
- ^ Dumper, Stanley & Abu-Lughod 2007, p. 126.
- ^ Necipoğlu 2005, p. 225.
- ^ Murat Bardakçı (6 March 2015). "Şam'daki mezar". Haber Turk (in Turkish).
Sources
edit- Darke, Diana (2010). Syria. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-314-6.
- Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.; Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5.
- Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaction Books. ISBN 1-86189-244-6.
External links
edit
- Sulaymaniyya Takiyya, Archnet