Design B-65 was a class of cruisers planned by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) before and during World War II. The IJN referred to this design as a 'Super Type A' cruiser; It was larger than most heavy cruisers but smaller than most battlecruisers, and as such, has been variously described as a 'super-heavy cruiser,' a 'super cruiser,' or as a 'cruiser-killer.'[A 1] As envisioned by the IJN, the cruisers were to play a key role in the Night Battle Force portion of the "Decisive battle" strategy which Japan hoped, in the event of war, to employ against the United States Navy.
 A line drawing of the proposed Design B-65.
| |
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name | Design B-65 |
| Operators |  Imperial Japanese Navy |
| Preceded by | Amagi-class battlecruiser |
| Planned | 2 |
| Cancelled | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Super Type A cruiser |
| Displacement |
|
| Length |
|
| Beam | 27.2 m (89 ft)[1] |
| Draft | 8.8 m (29 ft) (trial)[1] |
| Propulsion | Four sets of geared turbines and eight Kampon boilers would yield 170,000 metric horsepower (167,674 shaft horsepower); this would have been able to drive the ship at 33 kn (38 mph; 61 km/h)[2] |
| Endurance | 8,000 mi (13,000 km) at 18 kn (21 mph; 33 km/h)[1] |
| Armament |
|
| Armor |
|
Begun in 1939, plans were far enough along that tests were conducted with the main armament and against the underwater protection. Even though the ships were approved for construction under a 1942 fleet replenishment program, the prioritizing of aircraft carriers and smaller ships due to the war, followed by Japan's defeat, ended any chance of the B-65's construction.
Design B-65 would have been similar to the United States' Alaska-class cruiser in terms of displacement, armament, and role. Both designs also straddled the line between heavy cruisers and battlecruisers. The envisioning of the 'large cruiser' or 'super-heavy cruiser' and, ultimately, the design of the Alaska-class itself may have been at least partly inspired by the desire to counter the Design B-65, or at least earlier IJN proposals.[4][5][6][7] However, unlike the never-built Design B-65, the Alaska-class would see two ships completed.
Mission and plan
editThe Japanese navy's experience in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, especially the Battle of Tsushima, strongly influenced the creation of the IJN's "Decisive Battle" doctrine, which guided the development and deployment of the IJN's battle fleet into World War II. The Decisive Battle concept was the IJN's primary strategy for defeating the navies of the major Western powers, such as Great Britain or the United States, in the event of war. The strategy consisted of four main components: a decisive surface fleet engagement determined by big guns, attrition tactics against a numerically superior enemy, a reliance on quality over quantity in naval weaponry, and the employment of nighttime torpedo attacks.[8]
After the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930, each of which placed restrictions on the size of the IJN's fleet in comparison with the fleets of the western powers, notably the United States, the decisive battle strategy received increased emphasis within the IJN. In 1936, the IJN formed the Night Battle Force (Yasen Butai). As designed, the night battle force was to attack the hypothetical enemy's, usually envisioned by the Japanese to be the US Pacific Fleet, outer defense ring of cruisers and destroyers at night. After cracking the outer defense ring, IJN cruisers and destroyers were to launch torpedo attacks on the enemy's battleships. What remained of the enemy fleet was then to be finished-off by the IJN's main battleship line the following day.[9]
The IJN assigned one division of fast battleships or battlecruisers to give additional firepower to the nocturnal attacks. The Kongō-class battlecruiser were initially assigned to this role and were upgraded to fast battleships over a seven-year period from 1933 to 1940. The IJN planned to eventually replace the four Kongō battleships with four heavy, "super" cruisers. As envisioned by the IJN in 1936, these ships, the B-65 cruisers, would mount 310 mm (12.2 in) guns, carry armor designed to withstand hits from 203mm (8 in) shells, and be capable of speeds up to 40 knots. They would be designated as "super-A-class cruisers" to signify their greater status than the A-class ships (heavy cruisers).[1][10][11]
The plan for the cruiser class was finalized as part of the IJN's Circle Five and Circle Six warship construction plans of 7 January 1941. The plan called for six B-65s to be built in two increments, with the first two to be constructed in Circle 5 with the remainder in Circle 6.[12] By this time, Japanese intelligence had learned the specifications for the United States Navy's Alaska-class large cruisers,[13] which had been authorized for creation by the passage of the Two-Ocean Navy Act and ordered on 5 September 1940.[12][6] The Japanese believed that these ships would form part of the American battle fleet's screen in times of war. Thus, the B-65s were now intended to counter the threat posed by the Alaska-class cruisers.[12][14]
Design
editDesign work on the B-65s began in 1939.[5] Preliminary plans for the new class were finished by September 1940, and they were far enough along that tests of the lower protection—the armor intended to counter torpedoes and any shells that fell short but still hit the ship (albeit underwater)—and main armament were conducted from 1940 to 1941.[1]
These plans called for ships that bore a striking resemblance to the Yamato-class battleships, with the same "clipper bow, flush-deck construction, and a generally similar superstructure", albeit at a reduced size. Primary weapons were to be nine 310 mm (12.2 in)/50 caliber guns in three triple turrets. Secondary weapons included sixteen 100 mm (3.9 in)/65 caliber Type 98 dual-purpose guns in dual mounts on either side of the superstructure, twelve paired Type 95 25 mm (1 in) anti-aircraft guns, and four 13.2 mm Hotchkiss machine guns.[1][15] The weight of the main battery turrets was to be around 1,000 long tons (1,100 short tons; 1,000 t), with 350 long tons (390 short tons; 360 t) of that devoted to armor; however, no plans of how this latter figure was to have been distributed have survived.[16]
The cruisers were to be protected by 190 mm (7.5 in) belt armor sloped at 20° and 125 mm (4.9 in) deck armor.[1] Four geared turbine sets would have generated about 42,500 shp each;[12] for a total of about 167,674 shp,[12][17] enough to power the ships through the water at 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h),[1] faster than the "fundamental design requirement" of 33 kn (38 mph; 61 km/h).[17]
In an attempt to counter the Alaska-class cruisers' 305 mm (12.0 in) guns, a proposal to increase both the main battery to six 356 mm (14 in) and armor protection to resist against the same was put forth. However, the increase in displacement (to almost 40,000 long tons (45,000 short tons; 41,000 t)) and reduction in performance this entailed meant that nothing came of the proposed changes.[13][16][A 2]
Final plans and cancellation
editAs war with the United States loomed in 1941, the navy found that it had a more pressing need for aircraft carriers and auxiliary vessels. This need, plus a desire to complete the ongoing Circle Three and Four construction programs, delayed initiation of the Circle Five plan.[18]
Following the Japanese navy's defeat at the Battle of Midway in June 1942, the Circle Five plan was significantly revised and Circle Six was postponed indefinitely. The new plan still called for the construction of two ships of Design B-65, which were given the hull numbers 795 and 796 with projected commissioning dates of 1945 and 1946, respectively. As the war progressed, however, strategic requirements further delayed the plans for the two cruisers. In the end, the B-65s' plans were never finalized and no contracts for their construction were ever placed.[19][20][21]
See also
edit- List of battlecruisers of Japan
- Deutschland-class cruiser - German counterpart
- Alaska-class cruiser - US counterpart
- Stalingrad-class battlecruiser - Soviet Counterpart
Notes
edit- ^ According to Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, p. 178, the Japanese classified Super Type A cruisers as heavy cruisers; however, Garzke and Dulin assert in Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II, p. 86, that B-65 cruisers "would have satisfied every basic characteristic of the battlecruiser type."
- ^ Alaska-class cruisers were originally designed and ordered by the United States Navy because of mistaken intelligence reports stating that Japan was constructing "super cruisers" that would be much more powerful than the 8 in (203.2 mm)-gunned heavy cruisers the U.S. possessed. See: Gardiner and Chesneau, p. 122 and Pike, John (2008). "CB-1 Alaska Class". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Garzke and Dulin (1985), p. 86
- ^ Lacroix and Wells II, p. 830
- ^ Lacroix and Wells II, p. 606
- ^ "Hawaii". DANFS. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
- ^ a b Gardiner and Chesneau (1984), p. 178
- ^ a b Pike, John (2008). "CB-1 Alaska Class". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
- ^ Scarpaci, 17.
- ^ Evans and Peattie, pp. 129–130
- ^ Evans and Peattie, pp. 273-276.
- ^ Evans and Peattie, pp. 275-277, 294; Lacroix and Wells II, pp. 250, 606.
- ^ Perfect Guide to Japanese Battleships, p. 140
- ^ a b c d e Lacroix and Wells II (1997), p. 606
- ^ a b Garzke and Dulin (1985), pp. 86–87
- ^ Evans and Peattie, pp. 359-360.
- ^ DiGuilian, Tony (26 August 2007). "Japanese 10 cm/65 (3.9") Type 98". Navweaps. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
- ^ a b Perfect Guide, p. 141
- ^ a b Garzke and Dulin (1985), p. 87
- ^ Evans and Peattie, p 360.
- ^ Garzke and Dulin (1985), p. 84–85
- ^ Lacroix and Wells II, p. 829.
- ^ Jentschura, p. 40.
Bibliography
edit- Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-192-7. OCLC 36621876.
- Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-913-8. OCLC 18121784.
- Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1985). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-101-3. OCLC 12613723.
- Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
- Lacroix, Eric; Wells, Linton (1997). Japanese cruisers of the Pacific War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-311-3. OCLC 21079856.