The Surmalu uezd[a] was a county (uezd) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the governorate's Etchmiadzin and Erivan uezds to the north, the Kars Oblast to the west, Persia to the east, and the Ottoman Empire to the south. The district made up most of the Iğdır Province of present-day Turkey. As part of the Russian Transcaucasus, the Surmalu uezd possessed economical importance for its abundantly rich salt mines in Kulp (Tuzluca), and spiritual importance to Armenians as the location of the culturally significant Mount Ararat. The administrative centre of the county was Igdyr (present-day Iğdır).[3]
Surmalu uezd
Сурмалинскій уѣздъ | |
|---|---|
.png) Coat of arms | |
 Location in the Erivan Governorate | |
| Country | Russian Empire |
| Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
| Governorate | Erivan |
| Established | 1828 |
| Abolished | 1918 |
| Capital | Igdyr (present-day Iğdır) |
| Area | |
• Total | 3,581.58 km2 (1,382.86 sq mi) |
| Population (1916) | |
• Total | 104,791 |
| • Density | 29/km2 (76/sq mi) |
| • Rural | 100.00% |
Etymology
editThe Turkic name Sürmalī (سورمهلی) and Persian name Surmalū (سرمهلو), whencefrom the Russian form Surmalu (Сурмалу) descended, are Turkified forms of the old Armenian city of Surmari's name, which itself evolved from Surb Mari (Armenian: Սուրբ Մարի, lit. 'Saint Mary').[1][4][5] The castle of Surmari still stands today in the village of Sürmeli near the Armenia–Turkey border within the Tuzluca district of Turkey's Iğdır Province.[6]
History
editA part of Persia's Erivan Khanate, Surmalu was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Turkmenchay in the aftermath of the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28. The district was first administered as part of the Armenian Oblast and then the Erivan Governorate.[7] In 1829, Baltic German explorer Friedrich Parrot of the University of Dorpat (Tartu) traveled to Surmalu as part of his expedition to climb Mount Ararat. Accompanied by Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian and four others, Parrot made the first ascent of Ararat in recorded history from the Armenian monastery of St. Hakob in Akhuri (modern Yenidoğan).[8]
After the Russian Revolution, Surmalu was briefly governed by the First Republic of Armenia from 1918 to 1920,[9] until it was occupied in 1920 and formally ceded to Turkey by the treaties of Moscow and Kars, following Armenia's defeat in the Turkish-Armenian War and subsequent Sovietization.[10]
Administrative divisions
editThe subcounties (uchastoks) of the Surmalu uezd in 1913 were as follows:[11]
| Name | 1912 population | Area |
|---|---|---|
| 1-y uchastok (1-й участок) | 41,149 | 725.65 square versts (825.83 km2; 318.86 sq mi) |
| 2-y uchastok (2-й участок) | 28,093 | 1,214.24 square versts (1,381.88 km2; 533.55 sq mi) |
| 3-y uchastok (3-й участок) | 28,090 | 1,207.20 square versts (1,373.87 km2; 530.45 sq mi) |
Demographics
editRussian Empire estimate (1886)
editAccording to the Russian family lists accounts from 1886, of the total 71,066 inhabitants of the district, 34,351 were Tatars[b] (48.3%), 22,096 Armenians (31.1%), and 14,619 Kurds (20.6%).[14]
Russian Empire Census
editAccording to the Russian Empire Census, the Surmalu uezd had a population of 89,055 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 47,269 men and 41,786 women. The plurality of the population indicated Tatar[b] to be their mother tongue, with significant Armenian and Kurdish speaking minorities.[15]
| Language | Native speakers | % |
|---|---|---|
| Tatar[b] | 41,417 | 46.51 |
| Armenian | 27,075 | 30.40 |
| Kurdish | 19,099 | 21.45 |
| Russian | 725 | 0.81 |
| Ukrainian | 620 | 0.70 |
| Polish | 31 | 0.03 |
| Belarusian | 16 | 0.02 |
| German | 13 | 0.01 |
| Georgian | 11 | 0.01 |
| Persian | 9 | 0.01 |
| Jewish | 6 | 0.01 |
| Greek | 3 | 0.00 |
| Lithuanian | 1 | 0.00 |
| Assyrian | 1 | 0.00 |
| Other | 28 | 0.03 |
| TOTAL | 89,055 | 100.00 |
Kavkazskiy kalendar
edit1910
editAccording to the 1910 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Surmalu uezd had a population of 91,535 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1909, of which 41,990 were Shia Muslims (45.87%), 29,734 Armenians (32.48%), and 19,811 Kurds (21.64%).[16]
1917
editAccording to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Surmalu uezd had a population of 104,791 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 55,364 men and 49,427 women, 98,212 of whom were the permanent population, and 6,579 were temporary residents. The statistics indicated Shia Muslims to be the plurality of the population of the uezd, followed closely by Armenians, Kurds and Yazidis:[17]
| Nationality | Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| Shia Muslims[c] | 44,153 | 42.13 |
| Armenians | 32,686 | 31.19 |
| Kurds | 14,679 | 14.01 |
| Yazidis | 10,869 | 10.37 |
| Sunni Muslims[d] | 1,801 | 1.72 |
| Russians | 429 | 0.41 |
| Jews | 95 | 0.09 |
| Other Europeans | 60 | 0.06 |
| Asiatic Christians | 19 | 0.02 |
| TOTAL | 104,791 | 100.00 |
Settlements
editAccording to the 1897 census, there were 51 settlements in the Surmalu uezd with a population over 500 inhabitants. The religious composition of the settlements was as follows:[19]
| Name | Faith | TOTAL | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian | Romanized | Armenian Apostolic | Muslim | Eastern Orthodox | Yazidi | Male | Female | Both |
| Аббас-Гел | Abbas-Gel (Abbasgöl) | 483 | 274 | 253 | 527 | |||
| Акарак | Akarak (Üçkaya) | 924 | 454 | 470 | 924 | |||
| Алетлу | Aletlu (Yüzbaşılar) | 717 | 365 | 352 | 717 | |||
| Алиджан | Alijan (Yukarıalican) | 835 | 421 | 414 | 835 | |||
| Аликамарлу | Alikamarlu (Ali Kamerli, Iğdır) | 1,559 | 826 | 760 | 1,586 | |||
| Аликизил | Alikizil (Aşağıtopraklı) | 523 | 301 | 244 | 545 | |||
| Арабкирлу | Arabkirlu (Bayraktutan) | 623 | 321 | 302 | 623 | |||
| Аралых-Башкенд | Aralykh-Bashkend (Aralık) | 1,948 | 1,003 | 947 | 1,950 | |||
| Аралых-Сурб-Оган (Орта-кенд) | Aralykh-Surb-Ogan (Orta-kend) (Ortaköy, Aralık) | 979 | 510 | 469 | 979 | |||
| Аратан | Aratan (Yukarıaratan) | 487 | 254 | 243 | 497 | |||
| Аргаджи | Argaji (Aşağıerhacı) | 1,118 | 627 | 512 | 1,139 | |||
| Ахвеис | Akhveis | 1,065 | 521 | 544 | 1,065 | |||
| Ахшамед | Akhshamed | 718 | 375 | 343 | 718 | |||
| Багарлу | Bagarlu | 1,199 | 620 | 596 | 1,216 | |||
| Гасан-Хан | Gasan-Khan | 509 | 255 | 254 | 509 | |||
| Гедаклу | Gedaklu | 540 | 276 | 264 | 540 | |||
| Гекджалу | Gekjalu | 538 | 299 | 244 | 543 | |||
| Гюллуджа (Гюлаб) | Gyulluja | 1,100 | 564 | 536 | 1,100 | |||
| Дашбурун | Dashburun (Taşburun) | 2,103 | 1,100 | 1,026 | 2,126 | |||
| Джаннар-абат | Jannar-abat | 903 | 466 | 437 | 903 | |||
| Джувтлуг (Байрам-Али-Кенд) | Juvutlug (Bayram-Ali-Kend) | 598 | 313 | 285 | 598 | |||
| Зильфугар | Zilfugar | 635 | 356 | 279 | 635 | |||
| Зор | Zor | 749 | 394 | 363 | 757 | |||
| Игдыр | Igdyr (Iğdır) | 3,932 | 565 | 2,689 | 1,991 | 4,680 | ||
| Игдыр-мова | Igdyr-mova | 782 | 834 | 843 | 782 | 1,625 | ||
| Казанчи | Kazanchi | 557 | 284 | 273 | 557 | |||
| Казикишляг | Kazikishlyag | 326 | 380 | 359 | 347 | 706 | ||
| Камышлу | Kamyshlu | 529 | 267 | 262 | 529 | |||
| Каракоюнлу II | Karakoyunlu II | 1,857 | 1,013 | 858 | 1,871 | |||
| Каракуй | Karakuy | 533 | 291 | 251 | 542 | |||
| Кизил-Закир (Закирлу) | Kizil-Zakir (Zakirlu) | 194 | 325 | 307 | 217 | 524 | ||
| Кульп | Kulp (Tuzluca) | 3,287 | 1,876 | 1,703 | 3,579 | |||
| Кюллюк | Kyullyuk | 1,030 | 523 | 507 | 1,030 | |||
| Малаклу | Malaklu (Melekli) | 2,126 | 1,129 | 1,011 | 2,140 | |||
| Молла-Камар | Molla-Kamar | 577 | 303 | 274 | 577 | |||
| Муршуд-Али | Murshud-Ali | 535 | 288 | 289 | 577 | |||
| Наджаф-Али | Najaf-Ali | 497 | 79 | 291 | 285 | 576 | ||
| Оба (Аликамар-Ислам) | Oba (Alikamar-Islam) | 603 | 308 | 295 | 603 | |||
| Паник | Panik | 1,143 | 593 | 550 | 1,143 | |||
| Парнаут | Parnaut | 682 | 125 | 477 | 330 | 807 | ||
| Плюр | Plyur | 1,850 | 947 | 903 | 1,850 | |||
| Сараглу (Гаджи-Ага) | Saraglu (Gaji-Aga) | 573 | 311 | 262 | 573 | |||
| Сулейман-абат (Диза) | Suleyman-abat (Diza) | 1,828 | 950 | 878 | 1,828 | |||
| Сурмалу | Surmalu (Sürmeli) | 512 | 282 | 230 | 512 | |||
| Тейджерлу | Teyjerlu | 973 | 499 | 474 | 973 | |||
| Тоханшалу-Баят | Tokhanshalu-Bayat | 512 | 289 | 223 | 512 | |||
| Тоханшалу-Коджар | Tokhanshalu-Kojar | 1,063 | 554 | 509 | 1,063 | |||
| Халфалу | Khalfalu | 986 | 556 | 494 | 1,050 | |||
| Хош-Хараб | Khosh-Kharab | 693 | 367 | 328 | 695 | |||
| Эвджиляр | Evjilyar | 1,531 | 764 | 770 | 1,534 | |||
| Яйджи | Yayji | 1,289 | 664 | 625 | 1,289 | |||
| TOTAL | 26,890 | 26,048 | 690 | 530 | 28,919 | 26,058 | 54,977 | |
Notes
edit- ^
- Russian: Сурмалинский уезд, pre-reform orthography: Сурмалинскій уѣздъ, romanized: Surmalinskiy uyezd [sʊrməlʲɪnskʲɪj ʊ(j)ɪst]
- Turkish: Sürmeli kazası [syɾmæli kazasɯ]
- Azerbaijani: سورمهلی قضاسی, romanized: Sürmalī qaz̤āsı [syɾmæli ɡæzasɯ][1][2]
- Armenian: Սուրմալուի գավառ, classical orthography: Սուրմալուի գաւառ, romanized: Surmalui gawaṙ [suɹmɑluˈ(j)i ɡɑˈvɑr]]
- ^ a b c Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[12][13]
- ^ Primarily Tatars.[18]
- ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[18]
References
edit- ^ a b Javadi, Abbas (2016). ایران و آذربایجان: در بستر تاریخ و زبان [Iran and Azerbaijan: in the background of history and language] (in Persian). H&S Media. ISBN 978-1-78083-536-5.
در سال ۷۷۹ ه.ق. هم (۱۳۷۷-۱۳۷۸) ناحیه «سورماری» (سورب ماری) در جنوب دریاچه «گوکچه گول» این نام را داشت. همچنانکه نام «تریپولی» در آناتولی غربی تبدیل به «توربالی» (توبرهلو) ترکی شده، «سور ماری» هم بزودی تبدیل به «سورمهلی» (سرمهلو) شد. منابع دوره تیمور نام این قلعه را معمولاً بصورت ترکی آن قید کردهاند.
- ^ Sâmî, Şemseddîn (1889). قاموس الاعلام: تاریخ و جغرافیا لغاتنی و تعبیر اصحله كافه اسماء خاصهیی جامعدر (in Ottoman Turkish). Mihran Matbaası. pp. 840–841 – via Google Books.
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 59.
- ^ De Clavijo, Ruy González (2004). Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403-1406. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 186. ISBN 9780415344890.
Surmari, Sulmari, or Sulmari, the Armenian Surb Mari, that is Saint Mary...
- ^ (in Armenian) Danielyan, E. L. (2010). "Հայոց պատմական և քաղաքակրթական արժեհամակարգի պաշտպանության անհրաժեշտությունը [On the Necessity of Protecting Armenian Historical and Civilizational System of Values]". Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (3): 68. ISSN 0320-8117.
...Սուրմալուի (Սուրբ Մարի) գավառը...
- ^ Parrot, Friedrich (2016) [1846]. Journey to Ararat. Translated by William Desborough Cooley. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. London: Gomidas Institute. p. ix. ISBN 9781909382244.
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, pp. 16, 19, 21.
- ^ Parrot, p. 139.
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 75.
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 81.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1913 год, pp. 172–179.
- ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
- ^ (in Russian) Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, извлечённых из посемейных списков 1886 года, г. Тифлис, 1893 [1]
- ^ a b "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
- ^ Саратанов, В. В. (1910). Кавказский календарь на 1910 год [Caucasian calendar for 1910] (in Russian) (65th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. p. 518. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 214–221.
- ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
- ^ Troinitsky, N. A. (1905). Населенные места Российской империи в 500 и более жителей с указанием всего наличного в них населения и числа жителей преобладающих вероисповеданий, по данным первой всеобщей переписи населения 1897 г. [Populated areas of the Russian Empire with 500 or more inhabitants, indicating the total population in them and the number of inhabitants of the predominant religions, according to the first general population census of 1897] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya Obshchestvennaya polza. pp. 52–56. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022.
Bibliography
edit- Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
- Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
- Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.